Abkhazia 328, 451
Adams, John Quincy 147
Adashev, Aleksei 50, 51
Adenauer, Konrad 439
Adzhubei, Aleksei 406
Afghanistan 266–267
Soviet war in 412, 446, 449
Akhmatova, Anna 340, 345, 414, 421–423
Aksakov, Ivan 202
Aksakov, Konstantin 162, 164
Alaska 153, 252
Albania 402, 441
Alekseev, Mikhail 306, 308
Alekseev, Nikolai 231
Aleksei, Saint, Metropolitan of Kiev 29, 31, 35
Aleksei I, Tsar 64–74, 108
Aleksei Alekseevich, Tsarevich (son of Aleksei I) 71, 73
Aleksei Petrovich, Tsarevich (son of Peter the Great) 79, 82, 90–92
Alembert, Jean d’ 125
Alexander I, Tsar 130, 141–154, 160, 173, 176, 232, 254, 256–257
Alexander II, Tsar 174, 176, 187–196, 190, 203, 205–206, 257, 259, 272–273
Alexander III, Tsar 206–207, 234, 238–239, 242–243, 259–260, 272–277
Alexander Nevsky, Saint, Grand Prince of Vladimir and Novgorod 22, 27, 31, 95, 418–419
Alexandra, Tsaritsa (wife of Nicholas I) 176
Alexandra, Tsaritsa (wife of Nicholas II) 278–279, 290, 297
Alexei, Tsarevich (son of Nicholas II) 279, 290
Algirdas, Grand Prince of Lithuania 28
Allende, Salvador 444
All-Russian Peasant Union 287–288
All-Union Institute of Plant-Breeding 348
Amvrosii, elder 161
Anastasiia, Tsaritsa (wife of Ivan the Terrible) 48, 51, 53, 55
Andrei Bogoliubsky, Grand Prince of Vladimir and Kiev 12
Andropov, Yurii 411–412
Anna, Empress 99–102, 104
Anna, Duchess of Brunswick-Bevern-Lüneburg 102
Anna Petrovna, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp 113
Anthès, Georges-Charles d’ 178–179
Anti-Comintern Pact (1936–37) 374
Antonii, Saint 8, 16
Apraksin, Fyodor and Petr 75, 87
Arakcheev, A.A. 151, 153–154
Araya, Francesco 104–105, 126
Argunov, Ivan 131
Aristotle 5, 10, 72, 296
Armenia 167, 449, 458
Armenian Church 16, 168, 265
Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutiun) 265
Armenians 62, 167–168, 223, 263, 265, 282, 284, 316, 330, 366
arms race 409, 429–431, 437–439, 443, 445
Asaf’ev, Boris 418
Assembly of the Land 55, 58, 64
Astrakhan’ 37–38, 49, 66
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 316
Atkinson, John Augustus 124, 144, 158
Augustus of Saxony, King of Poland 83–84
Austerlitz, Battle of 146, 148
Austria (Austria-Hungary) 77, 81–82, 91, 104, 113, 114, 118, 137, 171, 250–251, 262, 274, 286
Napoleonic wars and 140–141, 146, 149–152
partitions of Poland and 121, 135
WW I and 291–294, 297, 306
WW II and 374, 391
Averbakh, Leopold 414–415, 420
Avvakum, Archpriest 68–70
Azef, Evno 281
Azerbaidzhan 21, 167, 449
Azeris 167, 223, 263, 265–266, 284, 288, 316, 327–328
Azov 80–81, 83–84, 102
Babel, Isaak 345, 420
Baku 220, 222–223, 265–266, 284, 316, 327–329, 386
Bakunin, Michael 162–164, 183, 203
Balakirev, Milii 232–234, 337
Balanchine, George 236, 342
Balkans 5, 46, 152, 274–275, 291–294, 377, 389
Balkan Wars (pre-1914) 121, 133, 169, 239, 249–251
Ballets Russes 334, 339, 342
Baltic provinces (republics) 1, 83, 85, 87, 93, 111, 120, 139, 254–256, 271, 274, 284, 302, 306, 312, 315, 375–376
collapse of USSR and 450–452
defined 254n
emancipation of serfs in 150, 166, 188, 254
Barclay de Tolly, Michael 147–148
Bariatinskii, Prince Alexander 264
Bashkirs 62, 67, 111, 123–124, 124, 263, 288, 327
Batu, Mongol ruler 20–21
Bayle, Henri 114
Beccaria, Cesare 119
Beiliss, Mendel 290
Bekbulatovich, Semen 52
Belarus (Belorussia) 28, 29, 121, 135, 253, 289, 306, 315, 326–327, 379, 383, 391, 452
Beliaev, Mitrofan 336–337
Belinski, Vissarion 162–163, 175, 181–183
Belov, Vasilii 426
Belyi, Andrey 340, 346
Benckendorf, Alexander von 156, 160, 172, 178, 252
Beneš, Edvard 433
Benois, Alexander 338
Beria, Lavrentii 363, 366, 394, 397, 399, 401, 430
Berlin 392, 434, 437, 439–440
Wall 440, 442, 450
Berlin, Treaty of (1878) 251
Berlioz, Hector 174, 233, 337
Bessarabia 146, 148
Bestuzhev-Riumin, Aleksei 103, 114–115
Bielfeld, Baron J.F. von 119
birch bark letters 25–26, 25
Birger, Earl of Sweden 27
Biron, Ernst-Johann 101–102
Bismarck, Otto von 201, 250–251, 274
Black Hundreds 285, 289
Blok, Alexander 336, 341, 346
Bobrikov, N.I. 258
Bolsheviks xviii, 280, 285, 288, 291, 294–297, 299–315, 321, 326, 330–331, 335, 340–345, 348–350, 360–361
See also Communist Party
Bolshoi Theater 417, 457
Bolyai, Janos 185
Boris, Saint 11, 16, 31
Borodin, Alexander 232, 234
Borodino, Battle of 148
Borovikovskii, Vladimir 131
Bortnyanskii, Dmitrii 130
Bosnia 250–251, 292
Botkin, V.P. 164
Brahe, Tycho 72
Brandt, Willy 444
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of 305–306, 316
Brezhnev, Leonid 401–402, 406–410, 412, 425–426, 443–444, 446
Briullov, Karl 173
Brodsky, Joseph 425
Brusilov, Aleksei 297, 301
Budennyi, Semen 313–314
Bukhara 251, 266, 269, 329
Bukharin, Nikolai 306, 310–311, 321, 323–324, 352, 357, 360, 416
Bulgakov, Mikhail 345–346, 414–415, 420, 425
Bulganin, Nikolai 394, 398, 401
Bulgaria 121, 250–251, 274–275, 293, 373, 389, 391, 432
Bulgarin, Faddei 159, 181
Bunin, Ivan 342
Bürger, Gottfried 175
Byzantine Christianity 8–10, 13–16, 18, 26
Byzantine Empire 4–9, 35–36
Cadet Corps 104–105, 107, 125–126
Campbell, Thomas 175
Caresano, Aloisio da 43
Casimir the Great, King of Poland 28
Castro, Fidel 443
Catherine I, Empress 80, 88–92, 99
Catherine II, the Great, Empress, 89 113–137, 127, 143, 148, 152, 194
Catherine, Duchess of Mecklenberg 102
Caucasian Wars 177, 263–265
Caucasus 6, 49, 249, 284, 302, 316, 327–328, 386, 459
Central Asia 20–21, 249, 251, 263, 266–269, 316, 327, 329, 367, 385, 450, 452, 455
Central Committee of the Communist Party 310, 325, 327–328, 358–360, 397, 401–402, 406–407, 416
Central Executive Committee of the Soviets 311
Chagall, Marc 340
Chamberlain, Neville 374–375
Chancellor, Richard 42
Charles XII, King of Sweden 84–87
Charter of the Nobility 132–133, 139
Charter of the Townspeople 132–133
Chateaubriand, François-René de 152
Chechens (Chechnia) 49, 168, 264, 302, 453–456
Cheka (later GPU) 304–305, 308, 312, 315, 319–320
Chekhov, Anton 336
Cherkasskii, Prince Mikhail 76
Chernenko, Konstantin 412, 447
Cherniaev, Mikhail 266
Chernobyl disaster 408, 448
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai 197–199, 201, 226, 241
Cherubini, Luigi 174
Chesme, Battle of 121
Chiang Kai-shek 332, 434–435
Chicherin, Boris 199–200
China 2, 19–20, 61, 82, 270, 276–277, 332
Communist xviii, 400, 402, 434–436, 440–443, 445–446
Chubais, Anatolii 455
Churchill, Winston xviii, 387–389
Church Slavic 8, 26, 68, 106
Chuvash 49, 67, 111
Circassians 49, 62, 67, 168, 264, 302
Civil War (1918–20) 304–310, 312–314, 319, 326–328, 341–344
Clinton, Bill 454
Cold War xvi, xvii, 412, 429–446
collective farms (kolhoz) 324, 351–357, 361, 369, 383, 396, 398–399, 403, 409–410