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Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces 347

“communes” of 1930s 355

Communist International (Comintern) 311, 320, 331–333, 372–374, 389–390, 440

Communist Party

See also Bolsheviks, Central Committee of the Communist Party , Politburo

centralization of 317, 319–325, 328

Gorbachev reforms and 450

terror of 1936–38 358–360

Communist Party Congresses

of 1922 321

of 1952 396

of 1956 (Twentieth) 399, 438

Congress of People’s Deputies 450, 453–454

Congress of Soviets 302–304

Congress of Soviet Writers 415–416

Constant, Benjamin 152

Constantine XI, Emperor of Rome 35

Constantinople 6–9, 35–36, 38, 140

Constituent Assembly 299, 303–304, 306, 308

constitutional monarchy 144–145, 150, 152–154, 163–164, 187, 199–200, 257

Nicholas II and 285–292

copper revolt 66

Cossacks 55–61, 65–68, 74, 86, 110–111, 149

Civil War and 306, 308–309, 312–313, 327

revolts of 56–60, 66–67, 65–66, 123–125

Revolution of 1905 and 284

Council of Ministers 394

Council of People’s Commissars 363, 364

Council of State 138, 144, 191, 208, 286, 289

Councils of the National Economy 400

Crimea 6, 21, 34, 37–38, 48, 67, 73, 77–78, 121–122, 133, 288, 314–315, 400

Crimean War 168, 170–171, 184, 186–189, 196, 212–214, 244, 249–250, 253, 257, 261–264

Crusaders 26–27

Cuban missile crisis 402, 407, 443

Cui, Cesar 232–234

Czartoryski, Prince Adam 143

Czechoslovak Corps 306–307

Czechoslovakia 432–433, 373–375, 388

Prague Spring of 1968 443

Dagestan 168, 264, 327

Daniil, Prince of Moscow 22

Darwin, Charles 199, 230

Dashkova, Princess Elizabeth 115, 116, 129

Decembrist revolt 152–156, 165–166, 176–178

Deng Xiaoping 445

Denikin, Anton 308–309, 312–314

Denmark 4, 39

war of 1700 and 83

war of 1762 and 115

Depression 332, 372

Derviz, P.G. von 214

Derzhavin, Gavriil 129–130

de-Stalinization 401, 424, 441

détente 445

Diaghilev, Sergei 337–339, 342

Diderot, Denis 125

Dimitrov, Georgii 364, 373

dissidents, Soviet 411–412, 426, 428, 445, 449

Dmitrii, Tsarevich (son of Ivan the Terrible) 53–54

See also False Dmitrii

Dmitrii Donskoi, Grand Prince of Moscow and Vladimir 23, 31

Dokuchaev, Vasilii 229

Dolgorukii, Prince Iakov 74, 77, 87

Dolgorukii, Prince Vasilii 87, 91–92, 99

Donbass (Don River basin) 213, 219, 222, 271, 312, 330, 357, 363, 366

Don Cossacks 304, 308–309

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 165–166, 182, 201, 230, 240–243, 290, 424

Dubelt, General 160

Dudaev, Dzhokhar 454

dumas

See also Russian Duma

boyar 40, 53, 55, 60, 83, 176

city 274

Dutch East India Company 42

Dzerzhinskii, Felix 305

Eastern Europe 389–390, 398, 400, 409, 431–434, 437, 441, 444

collapse of Communism in 450

Eastern Slavs 1, 3, 7

East Slavic language 1, 28

Editorial Committee 189

Egypt 140, 169–170, 441

Ehrenburg, Ilya 423–424

Eisenhower, Dwight 438, 442

Eisenstein, Sergei 27, 51, 284, 344, 385, 418–419, 421

Ekaterina, Tsaritsa (wife of Alexander II) 205

Ekaterina Pavlovna, Grand Duchess (sister of Alexander I) 145

elections

of 1906–17 286–289

of 1996 455

Gorbachev reforms and 450

Elena Glinskaia, Grand Princess of Moscow (wife of Vasilii III) 47, 48

Elena Pavlovna, Grand Duchess 161, 174, 189, 231

Elizabeth, Empress 89, 99, 102–106, 113–115, 122, 126, 131, 302

Elizabeth I, Queen of England 50

Elphinstone, John 121

Emancipation Statute 216, 233

Engelhardt, V.V. 174

English Bible Society 150

English Muscovy Company 42

Erevan 167–168, 265

Estonia 26–27, 51, 84, 150, 254–256, 284, 314

Ethiopia 444

Etholén, Arvid Adolf 252

Evdokiia, Tsaritsa (wife of Peter the Great) 79, 82

Ezhov, Nikolai 358–360, 363

Factory Inspectorate 226

Falconet, Etienne-Maurice 89, 131

False Dmitrii, first (Grishka Otrep’ev) 55–58

False Dmitrii, second (thief of Tushino) 57

Faulkner, William 424

feminism 198–199

Feodosii, Saint 8, 16–17

Fichte, Johann G. 162

Fick, Heinrich 90

Fighting Organization 281

Filaret, Patriarch of Russia (Fyodor Romanov, father of Michael I) 55, 58, 60

Filipp, Metropolitan of Moscow 52

Finland 1, 27, 39, 87

annexation and autonomy of 144–146, 150, 153, 158, 166, 251–252, 256–258, 271, 376

Civil War and 315, 376

Winter War and 376

WW II and 376–377, 384, 391

Finns 26, 67, 360

Fioravanti, Aristotele, of Bologna 43

First Cavalry Army 313

five-year plans 325, 351–353, 368–369, 373

Florence, Council of (1439) 35, 36

Fonvizin, Denis 129

Ford, Henry 352

Fourier, Charles 165

France 4, 102, 118, 250, 274, 275, 291, 332

Crimean War and 169–170

culture of 105, 107–108, 125, 152, 176, 199

Holy Alliance and 151–153

Indochina and 435, 440

July Revolution of 1830 167, 178

Napoleonic 140–141, 143–150

Revolution of 1789 xviii, 134–140, 143

Russian Revolution and 299, 308, 314

Seven Years War and 114–115

WW I and 293–294, 306

WW II and 372–375, 377, 388–391

Franco, Francisco 373

Franco-Prussian War 275

Franklin, Benjamin 129

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria 292, 294

Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 104, 113, 115, 121

Free Association of Artists 237

Free Economic Society 125–126, 229

Freemasons 128, 135, 153

Free Music School 237

French language 107–108

Friedland, Battle of 146

Fuchs, Klaus 430

Furtseva, Elena 401–402

Furuhjelm, Hampus 252

Fyodor Ivanovich, Tsar 53–55

Fyodor Alekseevich, Tsar 72–76

Gagarin, Iurii 405

Galich 12, 14, 33

Galicia 28

Galuppi, Baldassare 126

Gamsakhurdia, Zviad 451

Gapon, Georgii 282–283

Garcia-Viardot, Pauline 183

Gasprinskii, Ismail Bey 267–268

Gauss, Christian 185

Gazprom 449

Gediminas, Grand Prince of Lithuania 27–28

Gendarmes 151, 156–157

Geneva Conference (1955) 398, 438

Genghis Khan 19–20

Georgia 62, 223, 263, 265, 282, 284, 288, 291, 316, 328, 330, 366, 396

annexation of 146, 167

collapse of USSR and 450–452, 458

German Communists 330–331, 372, 433

German Crusaders 26–27

Germans, Russian society and

nobility, in Baltic provinces 254–256, 274, 284

pre-1917 72, 80, 208, 212, 252, 274

terror of 1936–38 and 360

German Social-Democrats 296

German-Soviet pact (1939) 375, 389

Germany 4, 13, 20, 38, 147, 162, 201, 250, 274–275, 286, 320

post-WW II 389, 392, 430, 433–434

Revolution of 1848 167

Russian Revolution and 299–300, 305–307, 309, 312, 316

socialism and 226, 330

Weimar 331–332, 372

WW I and 291–296

WW II and Nazi 24, 369–370, 372, 375–392

WW II invasion of USSR 378–388

Germany, Democratic Republic of (East) 434, 437, 439–440

Germany, Federal Republic (West) 434, 439–440, 444

Ginzburg, Baron Horace 212, 260

Gleb, Saint 11, 16, 31

Glinka, Mikhail 174–175, 231

Godunov, Boris, Tsar 53–56, 58–59, 234

Godunov, Irina, Tsaritsa 53, 54

Goethe, J.W. von 152, 175, 181

Gogol, Nikolai 2, 175, 180–184