Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces 347
“communes” of 1930s 355
Communist International (Comintern) 311, 320, 331–333, 372–374, 389–390, 440
Communist Party
See also Bolsheviks, Central Committee of the Communist Party , Politburo
centralization of 317, 319–325, 328
Gorbachev reforms and 450
terror of 1936–38 358–360
Communist Party Congresses
of 1922 321
of 1952 396
of 1956 (Twentieth) 399, 438
Congress of People’s Deputies 450, 453–454
Congress of Soviets 302–304
Congress of Soviet Writers 415–416
Constant, Benjamin 152
Constantine XI, Emperor of Rome 35
Constantinople 6–9, 35–36, 38, 140
Constituent Assembly 299, 303–304, 306, 308
constitutional monarchy 144–145, 150, 152–154, 163–164, 187, 199–200, 257
Nicholas II and 285–292
copper revolt 66
Cossacks 55–61, 65–68, 74, 86, 110–111, 149
Civil War and 306, 308–309, 312–313, 327
revolts of 56–60, 66–67, 65–66, 123–125
Revolution of 1905 and 284
Council of Ministers 394
Council of People’s Commissars 363, 364
Council of State 138, 144, 191, 208, 286, 289
Councils of the National Economy 400
Crimea 6, 21, 34, 37–38, 48, 67, 73, 77–78, 121–122, 133, 288, 314–315, 400
Crimean War 168, 170–171, 184, 186–189, 196, 212–214, 244, 249–250, 253, 257, 261–264
Crusaders 26–27
Cuban missile crisis 402, 407, 443
Cui, Cesar 232–234
Czartoryski, Prince Adam 143
Czechoslovak Corps 306–307
Czechoslovakia 432–433, 373–375, 388
Prague Spring of 1968 443
Dagestan 168, 264, 327
Daniil, Prince of Moscow 22
Darwin, Charles 199, 230
Dashkova, Princess Elizabeth 115, 116, 129
Decembrist revolt 152–156, 165–166, 176–178
Deng Xiaoping 445
Denikin, Anton 308–309, 312–314
Denmark 4, 39
war of 1700 and 83
war of 1762 and 115
Depression 332, 372
Derviz, P.G. von 214
Derzhavin, Gavriil 129–130
de-Stalinization 401, 424, 441
détente 445
Diaghilev, Sergei 337–339, 342
Diderot, Denis 125
Dimitrov, Georgii 364, 373
dissidents, Soviet 411–412, 426, 428, 445, 449
Dmitrii, Tsarevich (son of Ivan the Terrible) 53–54
See also False Dmitrii
Dmitrii Donskoi, Grand Prince of Moscow and Vladimir 23, 31
Dokuchaev, Vasilii 229
Dolgorukii, Prince Iakov 74, 77, 87
Dolgorukii, Prince Vasilii 87, 91–92, 99
Donbass (Don River basin) 213, 219, 222, 271, 312, 330, 357, 363, 366
Don Cossacks 304, 308–309
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 165–166, 182, 201, 230, 240–243, 290, 424
Dubelt, General 160
Dudaev, Dzhokhar 454
dumas
See also Russian Duma
boyar 40, 53, 55, 60, 83, 176
city 274
Dutch East India Company 42
Dzerzhinskii, Felix 305
Eastern Europe 389–390, 398, 400, 409, 431–434, 437, 441, 444
collapse of Communism in 450
Eastern Slavs 1, 3, 7
East Slavic language 1, 28
Editorial Committee 189
Egypt 140, 169–170, 441
Ehrenburg, Ilya 423–424
Eisenhower, Dwight 438, 442
Eisenstein, Sergei 27, 51, 284, 344, 385, 418–419, 421
Ekaterina, Tsaritsa (wife of Alexander II) 205
Ekaterina Pavlovna, Grand Duchess (sister of Alexander I) 145
elections
of 1906–17 286–289
of 1996 455
Gorbachev reforms and 450
Elena Glinskaia, Grand Princess of Moscow (wife of Vasilii III) 47, 48
Elena Pavlovna, Grand Duchess 161, 174, 189, 231
Elizabeth, Empress 89, 99, 102–106, 113–115, 122, 126, 131, 302
Elizabeth I, Queen of England 50
Elphinstone, John 121
Emancipation Statute 216, 233
Engelhardt, V.V. 174
English Bible Society 150
English Muscovy Company 42
Erevan 167–168, 265
Estonia 26–27, 51, 84, 150, 254–256, 284, 314
Ethiopia 444
Etholén, Arvid Adolf 252
Evdokiia, Tsaritsa (wife of Peter the Great) 79, 82
Ezhov, Nikolai 358–360, 363
Factory Inspectorate 226
Falconet, Etienne-Maurice 89, 131
False Dmitrii, first (Grishka Otrep’ev) 55–58
False Dmitrii, second (thief of Tushino) 57
Faulkner, William 424
feminism 198–199
Feodosii, Saint 8, 16–17
Fichte, Johann G. 162
Fick, Heinrich 90
Fighting Organization 281
Filaret, Patriarch of Russia (Fyodor Romanov, father of Michael I) 55, 58, 60
Filipp, Metropolitan of Moscow 52
Finland 1, 27, 39, 87
annexation and autonomy of 144–146, 150, 153, 158, 166, 251–252, 256–258, 271, 376
Civil War and 315, 376
Winter War and 376
WW II and 376–377, 384, 391
Finns 26, 67, 360
Fioravanti, Aristotele, of Bologna 43
First Cavalry Army 313
five-year plans 325, 351–353, 368–369, 373
Florence, Council of (1439) 35, 36
Fonvizin, Denis 129
Ford, Henry 352
Fourier, Charles 165
France 4, 102, 118, 250, 274, 275, 291, 332
Crimean War and 169–170
culture of 105, 107–108, 125, 152, 176, 199
Holy Alliance and 151–153
Indochina and 435, 440
July Revolution of 1830 167, 178
Napoleonic 140–141, 143–150
Revolution of 1789 xviii, 134–140, 143
Russian Revolution and 299, 308, 314
Seven Years War and 114–115
WW I and 293–294, 306
WW II and 372–375, 377, 388–391
Franco, Francisco 373
Franco-Prussian War 275
Franklin, Benjamin 129
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria 292, 294
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 104, 113, 115, 121
Free Association of Artists 237
Free Economic Society 125–126, 229
Freemasons 128, 135, 153
Free Music School 237
French language 107–108
Friedland, Battle of 146
Fuchs, Klaus 430
Furtseva, Elena 401–402
Furuhjelm, Hampus 252
Fyodor Ivanovich, Tsar 53–55
Fyodor Alekseevich, Tsar 72–76
Gagarin, Iurii 405
Galich 12, 14, 33
Galicia 28
Galuppi, Baldassare 126
Gamsakhurdia, Zviad 451
Gapon, Georgii 282–283
Garcia-Viardot, Pauline 183
Gasprinskii, Ismail Bey 267–268
Gauss, Christian 185
Gazprom 449
Gediminas, Grand Prince of Lithuania 27–28
Gendarmes 151, 156–157
Geneva Conference (1955) 398, 438
Genghis Khan 19–20
Georgia 62, 223, 263, 265, 282, 284, 288, 291, 316, 328, 330, 366, 396
annexation of 146, 167
collapse of USSR and 450–452, 458
German Communists 330–331, 372, 433
German Crusaders 26–27
Germans, Russian society and
nobility, in Baltic provinces 254–256, 274, 284
pre-1917 72, 80, 208, 212, 252, 274
terror of 1936–38 and 360
German Social-Democrats 296
German-Soviet pact (1939) 375, 389
Germany 4, 13, 20, 38, 147, 162, 201, 250, 274–275, 286, 320
post-WW II 389, 392, 430, 433–434
Revolution of 1848 167
Russian Revolution and 299–300, 305–307, 309, 312, 316
socialism and 226, 330
Weimar 331–332, 372
WW I and 291–296
WW II and Nazi 24, 369–370, 372, 375–392
WW II invasion of USSR 378–388
Germany, Democratic Republic of (East) 434, 437, 439–440
Germany, Federal Republic (West) 434, 439–440, 444
Ginzburg, Baron Horace 212, 260
Gleb, Saint 11, 16, 31
Glinka, Mikhail 174–175, 231
Godunov, Boris, Tsar 53–56, 58–59, 234
Godunov, Irina, Tsaritsa 53, 54
Goethe, J.W. von 152, 175, 181
Gogol, Nikolai 2, 175, 180–184