revolt 318
Krüdener, Baroness Julie von 150
Krzhizhanovskii, Gleb 325
Kuchuk Kainardzha, Treaty of (1774) 121
Kuibyshev, Valerian 363
kulaks 218, 354–355, 362
Kulikovo, Battle of 23
Kurbskii, Prince Andrei 51
Kurchatov, Igor 430, 438
Kursk, Battle of 390
Kussevitskii, Sergei 339
Kutuzov, Mikhail 146, 148–149, 245
labor movement 226, 282–283, 288, 294
LaHarpe, Frederic 143
Land and Freedom 204
Landau, Lev 420
Latin language 68–69, 71, 82
Latvia 26–27, 150, 254–256, 284, 288, 330, 360
LeFort, Francois 80, 81, 82
Leibniz, Gottfried 107
Leipzig, Battle of 149
Lend-Lease 388
Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich Ul’ianov 227, 291, 341, 364, 371, 448–449
“April Theses,” 300
background of 279–280
culture and 341, 343–344
Civil War and early Soviet state 307–312, 307, 314, 321, 321–322, 325–326, 328
death of 321
foreign policy and 330–332
NEP and 316–319
Revolution of 1905 and 285
Revolution of 1917 and 299–303
WW I and 295–296, 306
Leningrad. See St. Petersburg
Leningrad Affair 395–396
Lermontov, Mikhail 175, 179–182
Lesnaia, Battle of 86
Levitan, Isaak 239
Levitskii, Dmitrii 131
Liebknecht, Karl 296
Lithuania 19, 23, 26–29, 33, 38–39, 42, 253, 254n, 451
partition of Poland and 135
WW II and 375, 379, 383
Litvinov, Maxim 366, 372–373, 375
Livonia 93, 254
war of 1558–80 50–54
Livonian Order 27–28, 39, 50
Lobachevskii, Nikolai 185, 228
Lomonosov, Mikhail 106–107
Lönnrot, Elias 256–257
Loris-Melikov, Count Michael 205–206
Louis XVI, King of France 135
Lunacharskii, Anatolii 343
Lutheran church 92–93, 256
Luxemburg, Rosa 296
Lvov, Prince Georgii 298–299, 301
Lysenko, Trofim 406, 407, 415, 419–420, 422, 424–425
MacArthur, Douglas 436
Mach, Ernst 291
Machine-Tractor Stations 356, 403
Maistre, Joseph de 152
Makarii, elder 161
Makarii, Metropolitan of Moscow 48, 51
Makhno, Nestor 313, 315
Maksim the Greek 46–47
Malenkov, Georgii 359, 363, 394, 396–398, 400, 438
Malevich, Kazimir 335, 339–340
Mamai, Emir 23
Mamontov, Savva 337
Manchuria 220, 269–270, 272, 276, 284
Mandelstam, Osip 420
Mannerheim, Baron Gustav 315, 391
Mao Tse-tung 400, 402, 434–435, 441–442, 445
Marfa (regent and mother of Michael I) 58
Marfa Apraksina, Tsaritsa (wife of Fyodor III) 75
Mariia, Tsaritsa (second wife of Ivan the Terrible) 51
Mariia, Tsaritsa (wife of Aleksei I) 64, 73
Mariia Fedorovna, Empress (wife of Alexander III, mother of Nicholas II) 272, 282, 284
Mariia Nagaia, Tsaritsa (fourth wife of Ivan the Terrible) 53
Marshall Plan 434
Martov, Iulii 227, 280
Marx, Karl 200, 226–227, 296
Marxism xvii, 226–227, 260, 265, 279–280, 291, 296, 309, 340–341, 348–349, 361, 421
Matveev, Artamon 72–77
Maximos, Metropolitan of Kiev 23
Mayakovskii, Vladimir 340–341, 343, 346
Mazepa, Ivan, Hetman of Ukraine 77, 86, 93
Meck, K.F. von 214
Mehmed the Conqueror 36, 38
Mendeleev, Dmitrii 216, 228–229
Mengistu Haile Mariam 444
Mensheviks 280, 285, 288, 291, 294–295, 299, 301, 303–304, 310, 321, 325, 353, 358–360
Menshikov, Alexander 82, 84, 87–91, 99, 116
Merezhkovskii, Dmitrii 336, 340
Meshcherskii, Prince V.P. 242–243, 273
Metternich, Klemens von 151–152
Meyerhold, Vsevolod 343–344, 346, 420
Michael, Saint, Prince of Tver 22, 31
Michael I, Tsar 58, 60–61, 64, 65, 68
Mikhail Pavlovich, Grand Duke (brother of Nicholas I) 161, 174
Mikhoels, Solomon 395
Mikoyan, Anastas 363, 366, 394, 401
Miliukov, Pavel 297–299
Miliutin, Dmitrii 189, 196
Miliutin, Nikolai 189
Miloslavskii, Ilya 64, 73–74
Minin, Kuzma 58
Mirovich, Vasilii 103, 122–123
Mniszech, Jerzy 55
Mniszech, Marina 55, 57–58
Mohammed Ali, Khedive of Egypt 169–170
Molotov, Viacheslav 358–359, 361, 363–364, 364, 366, 375, 382, 391, 394, 398–402, 434, 438–439
monasteries 8, 10, 29–33, 41, 46, 161
lands secularized 161
Peter the Great and 83, 95, 96
serfs and 108, 109
Monastery of the Caves (Kiev) 8, 12, 16, 29
Monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God (Kirillo-Belozerskii) 30
Monastery of the Miracle of Saint Michael the Archangel 46
Monastery of the New Jerusalem 69–70
Mongol invasion 18–20
See also Golden Horde
Mongolia 2, 375
Moniuszko, Stanislaw 233
Mons, Anna 80, 89
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de 114, 117, 119, 136, 152
Morozov, Boris 64, 73
Morozov, Savva 336
Morozov, Timofei 213
Morozova, Feodosia 239
Moscow Art Theater 336, 343, 415, 420
Moscow (city) 158–159, 212–214, 216, 219, 221, 231–232, 237–238, 261, 271
culture and 237, 339
early building and growth 41–46, 44, 61–63
industrialization 158–59, 212–14, 216, 219, 221, 231–32, 237–38
Kremlin 22, 40–41, 160
Napoleon invades 148–149
Polish occupation of 57–58
Revolution of 1905 and 285
Revolution of 1917 and 299, 302
riots of 17th century 64–66
Soviet capital moved to 306, 312
Soviet centralization of government in 328, 330
textile strike of 1885 213
WW II Battle for 380–382, 386
Moscow Conservatory 231–232, 235–236
Moscow Institute of Problems of Physics 419
Moscow (principality) 22–23, 29–36
annexes Novgorod and becomes Russia (1478) 37
Horde burns (1382) 23
Isodorios and 35–36
monastic revival in 29–33
Moscow show trials 358–361
Moscow University 105–107, 125–126, 128–129, 148, 162, 260, 347
Moscow Yiddish theater 395
Mstislav, Grand Prince of Kiev Rus 12
Mukden, Battle of 284
Münnich, Count Burkhard 101–102
Murav’ev, Nikita 153
musketeers 62, 78
revolts of 60, 75–76, 82, 234, 239
Mussolini, Benito 374, 378, 380, 388
Mussorgsky, Modest 56, 177, 232–234, 236
Nagorno-Karabakh 449
Nagy, Imre 441
Napoleon Bonaparte 140–142, 144–149, 152, 173, 245, 253
Napoleon III, Emperor of France 170, 250
Narva, siege of 84–85
Nasser, Gamal 441
Natalia Naryshkina, Tsaritsa (wife of Aleksei I) 74–76, 78–80
NATO 439
Navoi, Alisher 423
Nechaev, Sergei 202–203, 242
Nerchinsk, Treaty of 82
Nesselrode, Karl von 160, 252
Nestor, Monk 16–17
Netherlands (Dutch) 42, 53, 81, 96, 147
New Economic Policy (NEP) 317–320, 323–325, 329–330, 343–346, 349–350, 365
Nicholas I, Tsar 154–176, 178–181, 184, 186–187, 201, 215, 228, 249, 252, 256, 259
Nicholas II, Tsar 211, 258, 276–292, 278, 297–298, 308
constitutional government of 1907–14 288–292
execution of 308
Nicolai, Baron 252
Nietzsche, Friedrich 335
Nifont, Bishop of Novgorod 15
Nightingale, Florence 170
nihilists 196–199
Nijinskii, Vatslav 339
Nikon, Patriarch 64, 66, 68–70, 73
Nil Sorskii 46
Nixon, Richard 445
Nizami of Gandzha 423
Nizhnii Novgorod (Gorkii) 58, 109, 281, 412
NKVD (formerly GPU) 358–363, 365, 366, 385, 421
Nobel family 212, 220, 265
Nogai Horde 37, 38
North Caucasus 168, 263–265, 288, 302, 327, 400, 454