Nöteborg (Schlüsselburg), siege of 85
Novgorod 1–4, 6, 12–13, 19, 21, 23–28, 33, 45, 52, 58
archeological excavations of 24–26, 25
Moscow annexes 37, 41–42
pagan revolt of 1071 15
Novikov, Nikolai 128–129, 135, 139
Novosil’tsev, Nikolai 143, 150
nuclear industry 397, 408–410, 425, 430
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 439
nuclear weapons 421, 430–431, 436–439, 445
Nystad, Treaty of (1721) 95–96
October Manifesto 285, 289
Octobrist party 289
Odessa 134, 157, 221, 259, 284, 314–315, 329
pogrom of 1905 285
Odessa University 260
Ogedei, Khan 20
OGPU 362, 413
oil and gas industry 220, 222–223, 265, 316, 327–328, 386, 403, 405, 408–409, 454, 455
Okudzhava, Bulat 426
Old Believers 71–72, 111, 123, 156, 161, 212–213, 239
Oldenburgskii, Prince A.P. 347
Oleg, Grand Prince of Kiev 3, 6, 15
Olga, Grand Princess of Kiev 6
oligarchs 449, 453–458
Oprichnina 52–53
Order 00447 359
Order no. 1, 299
Ordin-Nashchokin, Afanasii 73
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo 316, 328, 353, 357–358, 363, 366
Orenburg, seige of 123–124
Orlov, Aleksei 116, 121
Orlov, Grigorii 115–116
Orlova, Liubov’ 418
Orthodox Church xvii, 7–10, 14–17, 21, 28, 60, 65, 107, 111, 118, 130, 151, 160–161, 230, 241, 243, 247, 338–339, 368, 406–407
adopted by Vladimir 7–8
autocephaly 45, 54
Council of 1666–67 70–72
Council of Florence and 35–36
Judaizers and 45
lands secularized 117, 126
monastic controversy of 16th century 46–47
monastic revival of 14th century 29–32
Nikon reforms of, and Old Believers 64, 68–72
Ottoman Empire and 169, 171
Peter the Great and 83, 90, 92, 95–96
Slavophiles and 164
schism of 1054 and 9–10, 16
Orwell, George 346
Ostermann, Count Andrei 101–102
Ottoman Empire (Turks) 38, 39, 48, 73, 77, 263
Alexander I’s war vs. 146, 148, 152
Anna’s war vs. 102
Crimean War and 170–171
Greek revolt of 1821 and 152
Peter the Great’s war vs. 80–83
war of 1769–74 and 118–119, 121–122, 148
war of 1787–91 and 133–134
war of 1827–29 168–170
war of 1877–78 249–251
WW I and 291–293, 297
paganism 6, 15, 16, 26, 28
Pahlen, Count Peter von der 141
Pakistan 446
Panin, Count Nikita 115, 117, 123, 129
Panin, Count N.P. (nephew) 141
Paris, Peace of (1856) 171, 188, 250
Paskevich, Ivan 252–253
Pasternak, Boris 345–346, 414–415, 417, 420, 424–425, 428
Paul, Tsar 114, 123, 128–129, 138–142, 145, 151–152, 254–255
Pavlov, Ivan 347, 349
Pechenegs 5–7, 12
Pereiaslav Treaty (1654) 66–68
Perestroika 428, 448–451, 459
Perovskaia, Sofia 206
Pestel’, Pavel 153, 155
Peter, Saint, Metropolitan of Kiev 23, 31
Peter I, the Great, Emperor, xvii, xxi, 60, 74–100, 89, 106, 131, 164, 199, 208, 239, 257, 336
culture and state transformed by 79, 82–83, 92–99, 106
death of 99–100
navy and 80–81
Orthodox church and 90, 95–96
personality and travels by 77, 79–82, 84–85, 88–90
regency of Sofia and 76–78
son Aleksei attempts to overthrow 90–92
St. Petersburg built by 85, 87–88, 90
war vs. Sweden and 82–87
Peter II, Tsar 99, 102
Peter III, Tsar 113–116, 122–123, 138
Petipa, Marius 236
Petliura, Semyon 312, 314
Petrashevski, Mikhail 165–166, 241–242
Petrov, Yevgeni 345
Photios, Metropolitan of Kiev 35
Piatakov, Georgii 358
Pirogov, Nikolai 170
Plato 5
Platon Levshin, Metropolitan of Moscow 126
Plehve, Viacheslav 279, 282
Plekhanov, Georgii 226–227, 295
Pobedonostev, Konstantin 242–243, 272–273
Poland 1, 28–29, 50, 73, 77, 117–118, 158, 166, 213, 251–255, 258, 270, 288
Anna’s war vs. 102
constitution of 1791 134–135, 153
constitution of 1815 166–167
Napoleonic wars and 147, 149–150
partition of 1772 121, 258
partition of 1791 134–135
partition of 1794 135
Peter the Great and 83–84
post-WW II 389, 400, 432, 441, 444
revolt of 1768–72 118, 121
revolt of 1787 133–134
revolt of 1830 and 167
revolt of 1863–64 193, 201, 250, 253–254
Revolution of 1905 and 284, 288
Revolution of 1917 and 314–315, 326
serfdom and 137, 152, 253
treaty of 1667 66, 73
war of 1632 vs. 60
Warsaw riots of 1861 193
WW I and 297
WW II and 372, 374–375, 377, 389, 391–392
Poland, Kingdom of 150, 253–254
Poland-Lithuania 28–29, 38–39, 47, 50–51, 57–58, 65–66
Poliakov, Samuel 214–215
Poliane/Rus tribe 6
Polish Home Army 391
Polish National Democrats 254, 288
Politburo (later Presidium) 310, 325, 328, 359, 364–366, 423, 448
Polotskii, Simeon 71–72
Poltava, Battle of 86
Poniatowski, Stanislaw, King of Poland 114, 118, 121, 133–135
Popov, Alexander 423
Portsmouth Treaty (1905) 277, 284
Pospelov, P.N. 399, 400
Potemkin, Grigorii 122–124, 130, 133, 134, 211
Potemkin mutiny 284
Pozharski, Prince Dmitrii 58
Prague conference (1912) 291
Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii 322
Presidium (formerly Politburo) 397–398, 401, 402
Prezent, Isaak 419–420
Primary Chronicle 3–4, 8–9, 15, 29
Princip, Gavrilo 292, 294
Prokofiev, Sergei 27, 339, 341–342, 346, 418, 422, 427
Prokopovich, Bishop Feofan 90, 92
Proskurov massacre 312
Protasov, Count N.A. 160–161
Protestantism 69, 72, 118, 150, 151, 164
provincial administration 63–64
Alexander II and 193–194
Alexander III and 273–274
Catherine II and 126, 131–133
Paul I and 139
Peter the Great and 83, 87, 93–94, 98
Provincial Assembly of Nobility 132
Provisional Government 298–303, 308, 327
Prussia 26–27, 113, 118, 121, 133, 135, 137, 151, 152, 250, 274
Crimean War and 171
Napoleonic Wars and 146–147, 149–150
Seven Years War and 104, 108, 114–115
Puffendorf, Samuel 94–95, 136
Pugachev, Emelian 123–125, 130, 157, 178
Pugacheva, Alla 427
Pushkin, Alexander 56, 106, 112, 165, 175–182, 185, 234, 243, 367
Pushkina, Natalia 178–179
Putin, Vladimir 427, 456–458
Radek, Karl 358, 416
Radishchev, Alexander 135–136, 139
Rakhmaninov, Sergei 337, 339, 342
Rall, Alexander 174
Rasputin, Grigorii 290, 297–298
Rastrelli, Bartolomeo 104, 131
Razin, Stenka 59–60, 66–67
Razumovskii, Aleksei 103, 111
Razumovskii, Kirill, Hetman of Ukraine 111
Red Army 306–308, 310, 312–316, 327, 372–382, 385, 387, 389–392
Air Force 377–379, 384
purge of 1937–38 359, 377
Red Guards 301, 303–304, 306
Red Terror of 1918 308
Repin, Ilya 238–239
Reutern, Mikhail 214
Rhee, Syngman 436
Rhineland 140, 150, 373
Ribbentrop, Joachim von xvi, 375
Rimskii-Korsakov, Nikolai 232–234, 236, 337, 339
Rokotov, Fyodor 131
Roman Catholic Church 7, 9–10, 28–29, 69, 97, 72, 107, 111, 118, 164
Romanov, Fyodor Nikitich. See Filaret
Romanov-Koshkin, Iurii 48
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 388–389
Roosevelt, Theodore 284
Rosen, Baron G.F. 174
Rostovtsev, Iakov 189–190
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 136, 152