Rubinstein, Anton 174, 231–233
Rubinstein, Nikolai 231–232, 234, 237
Rublev, Andrei 32–33, 426
Ruffo, Marco 43
Rumania 21, 169, 171, 372, 377, 389, 391, 402, 432, 441, 450
Rurik, ruler of Novgorod 3–4
Rurikovichi dynasty 3–4, 6–7, 13
Rus, origin of xvi, 3–4
See also Kiev Rus
Rus Justice 11–12
Russia
idea of xviii
formation of state, with rise of Moscow 22–25
maps of xx–xxiii
post-Soviet See (Russian Federation)
Soviet See (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
Russian Academy of Sciences 94, 105, 107, 125–126, 135, 347, 349, 406–407, 416, 419
Russian Association of Proletarian Music 414
Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP) 414
Russian Constitution
(Fundamental Laws) of 1906 285–286
of 1993 456
Russian Duma
1905–17 211, 285–288, 290, 295, 297–298, 327, 338
post-Soviet 454, 456, 458
Russian Federation (post-Soviet) xvi–xvii, 457–459
Russian language 19, 35
first dictionary 129
grammar codified 106
Russian Ministry of Education 142, 150–151, 159–160, 172, 228, 230, 260, 274
Russian Ministry of Finance 208, 214, 215, 220, 228, 229, 269, 276, 281
Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 176, 208, 267, 303
Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs 156
Russian Ministry of Justice 144
Russian Ministry of the Court 173, 230, 236, 338
Russian Ministry of the Interior 188–189, 193–195, 205–206, 208, 279
Special Department 151, 176–177
Russian Ministry of the Navy 188–189
Russian Ministry of War 147, 151, 189, 196, 266
Russian Navy 80–81, 102, 121, 170, 252, 284, 294
Russian Revolution of 1905 221, 248, 272, 283–288, 294, 338
Russian Revolution of 1917 xviii, 293, 296, 298–304, 335, 341–342, 346–347, 360–361
Russian Senate (Tsarist) 87, 90–91, 101–103, 138, 144, 208
Secret Department of 136
Russification 258, 270, 274
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5) 269–270, 282–284, 293–294
Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) 215, 243, 251
Rustaveli, Shota 423
Rutherford, Ernest 349
Rutskoi, Alexander 454
Rykov, Aleksei 324, 360
Ryleev, Kondratii 153, 155
Sakharov, Andrei 406–407, 411–412, 426, 448–449
salt trade 42, 64, 110
Saltykov, Sergei 114
Samoilovych, Ivan, Hetman of the Ukraine 77
Sand, Georges 181–182
Sarai 20–22
Savvatii, Saint 30–31
Schelling, Friedrich 162
Scott, Sir Walter 175
Scythians 2, 147
Sechenov, Ivan 229–230
Secret Chancellery 102
Semenov, Iulian 427
Senkovskii, Osip 178, 181
Seraphim of Sarov, Saint 161
Serbia 169, 250, 291, 293–294
serfs and serfdom 67, 139–140, 145, 152–153, 157, 159, 164, 166, 171, 183–184, 253, 261–262
Catherine II and 117, 120–121, 123–126, 136–137
emancipation of 188–193, 197
emancipation of, in Baltic provinces 150, 254
emancipation of, in Georgia 167
ended on church lands 117
established 27, 54–56, 59, 61–62, 108–112, 120
Sergii of Radonezh, Saint 29–31, 46
Serov, Valentin 337
Sevastopol, siege of 170–171, 186, 244
Seven Years War 104, 114–115, 117
Shaliapin, Fyodor 337, 342
Shamil, Imam 168, 264
Shemiaka, Dmitrii 33–34
Sherwood, John 154
Shevchenko, Taras 261–262, 367, 423
Shishkin, Ivan 239
Sholokhov, Mikhail 414, 420, 428
Shostakovich, Dmitrii 343–344, 385, 414, 416–418, 421–424, 427–428
Shuiskii, Prince Vasilii 57
Shulalov, Alexander 103
Shulalov, Peter 103
Shuvalov, Count Ivan 104–106
Shuvalov, Count Petr 203
Siberia 1, 37–38, 42, 53, 59, 70–71, 110, 155–156, 216–218, 222, 249
border of 61
Civil War and 308, 312–314, 316
railroad and 276–277
USSR and 329, 365–366, 368, 394, 408
WW II and 380, 385, 386
Sigismund, King of Poland 57
Sikorsky, Igor 221, 342
Silvestr, Priest 50–51
Skobelev, Mikhail 266
Skoropadskii, Ivan 93
Skoropadskii, Pavel 306
Skriabin, Alexander 337
Slansky, Rudolf 433
Slavophiles 95, 162, 164, 181, 200–202, 213, 241–242, 244, 255, 272
Smolensk 14, 28, 47, 58, 60, 66
Smol’nyi Institute 126, 302–303
Sobchak, Anatolii 456
Social Democratic Workers’ Party 227
Social Democrats 282, 285, 288
“socialism in one country,” 322–323
socialist realism 335, 416
Socialists-Revolutionaries, Party of (SRs) 227, 280–283, 288, 294, 299–304, 306–308, 310, 321, 325
Sofia, Tsarevna (regent, sister of Peter the Great and Ivan V) 76–79, 82
Solari, Pietro Antonio 43
Solomoniia Saburova, Grand Princess of Moscow (wife of Vasilii III) 47
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 411–412, 424–426
Sophia Paleologue, Grand Princess of Moscow (wife of Ivan III) 47
South Ossetia 328, 451
South Western Railway 275
Soviet Union. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Soviet Ministry of Defense 402
Soviet Ministry of Education 347
Soviet Ministry of Finance 346, 347
Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs and State Security 397
Soviet Ministry of Natural Gas Industry 449
Soviet Ministry of State Security 396
Soviet People’s Army (1918–20) 306, 308
See also Red Army
Soviet People’s Commissariat of Food Supplies 309
Soviet People’s Commissariat of Health 368
Soviet People’s Commissariat of Heavy Industry 357, 358
Soviet People’s Commissariats 305, 325, 359
soviets 285, 299–303
Spain 4–5, 45, 147, 151, 155
Civil War 373–374, 377
special settlements 354–355, 362, 375, 396, 400
Spencer, Herbert 199
Speranskii, Michael 144–145, 155, 157
Sputnik 437
Stael, Germaine de 152
Stakhanov, Aleksei 357
Stalin, Joseph xvi, 291, 295, 364, 403, 407, 415–416, 418, 420–423, 429–436, 440
Civil War and 309–311, 314–315
centralized power under 363–366
collectivization and industrialization and 350–357, 367–369
Comintern and 331–333
death of 397–399
Eastern Europe and 432–434
federalism and 326, 328, 366–367
Hitler and WW II and 369–378, 380–383, 386–392, 399
Khrushchev’s secret speech of on 399–400
post-WW II repression by 393–397
purges and GULAG under 353, 358–365, 399–400
Revolution of 1917 and 300, 303
struggle for control of Party and 321–326
Stalingrad, Battle of (1942–43) 386–387, 390
Stanislavsky, Konstantin 336, 343
Stankevich, Nikolai 162–165, 183
Stasov, Vladimir 232–238, 337
Stefan Bathory, King of Poland 52
Steiner, Rudolf 340
Stendhal 149
Stolypin, Peter A. 211, 221–222, 287–289, 291, 294
St. Petersburg (Petrograd, Leningrad) 131, 142, 144, 153, 158–159, 161, 165, 172–181, 208–213, 219–220, 225–226, 236–240, 252, 257–261, 271, 323, 339, 341
Anna moves capital to 102, 104–105
Finnish border and 257, 376
renamed Petrograd 295
Peter the Great builds 84–85, 87–90, 95, 98
Revolution of 1905–6 and 282–285
Revolution of 1917 and Civil War and 298, 300–302, 305, 311–312, 314, 341
WW I and 294, 298
WW II and, siege of (1941–44) 379–380, 384–386, 391
St. Petersburg Academy of Arts 105, 130–131, 173, 237–239, 261
St. Petersburg Conservatory 231, 233–234
St. Petersburg Philharmonic Society 174, 338