268-269, 347 National Committee to Stop ERA, 371 National Defense Research Committee,
310
National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, 304
National Organization for Women (NOW), 370-371 National park establishment, 427 National Park Service (NPS), 3-4 National Prohibition Act (Volstead Act), 284-286
National Recovery Administration (NRA), 304
National Security Council (NSC), 354 Native Americans. See also specific tribes Civil War motivations, 195-196 Columbian exchange, 12-13 competition, conflict effects on, 14-15 depiction of by European settlers, 16-18,
24-27 disease effects on, 13-14 enforced assimilation of, 240f, 238-240, 24I
European perceptions of, 12-13, 19-20 exploitation, conversion of. (See
Exploitation, conversion of indigenous peoples)
Indian New Deal, 239-241, 307-308 perceptions of Western settlers, 190-191
population decline, 88-89 pre-European culture of, 10-11 Reconstruction, relations with, 203, 217 tribal legal status (citizenship, national existence), 191-192 voting rights for, 293 Naturalization Act of 1798, 153-154 Navigation Act of 1651, 73, 78 Nebraska, 190 Negro Act of 1740, 114 The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (Moynihan), 371 New Deal
criticism of, 304-307 economic program, 304 farm, employment policies, 304, 305f Indian, 239-241, 307-308 overview, 302, 303-304, 307, 428-429 Second, 305f, 306 segregation in, 308 New England. See also specific colonies Abenaki raids, 89-90 Antinomian crisis, 56, 72 Bacon’s Rebellion, 6i, 64-65 as Biblical Commonwealth, 53 challenges in, 51-52, 58-59 conflict in, 72, 89
exploitation, conversion of indigenous peoples, 60, 62-63 founding of, 49-50 going native in, 60, 90-91 Great Migration (Puritan), 52-53, 54f,
77
Half-Way Covenant, 59, 61 hereditary aristocracy rule in, 77-78 identity evolution in, 78-80 indigenous population in, 51-52 jeremiads in, 60 King Philip's War (Metacom's Rebellion), 61-62, 72 land ownership in, 59 legislative structure, 50-51, 55, 72, 77 Mayflower Compact, 50-51, 5if moral decline in, 60 Pequot tribe massacre, 56-57 perceptions of conflict in, 90-91 Puritanism, 50 reality of life in, 56, 87-88 relations with indigenous population in, 52, 90-91 religious freedom in, 55-56, 75
separatist motivations of, 50, 57-58 slavery in generally, 66-67 social, economic structure, 53-55, 59, 87
subjugation, conversion of indigenous peoples, 56-57 women’s roles in, 87 New England Confederation, 72 New Federalism, 364-365 New Freedom concept, 264 New Hampshire establishment of, 72 Exeter Compact (1639), 77 overview, 74t New Jersey
establishment of, 73 Native American population decline in, 88-89 overview, 74t religious revival in, 85 New Nationalism, 264, 265-266 Newport, Christopher, 29-32 Newspapers
market revolution representation, 184-185
printing effects on European settlers,
I5-16, ^ 77-78 New York
ousting of Dominion government in, 79_8° overview, 74t religious revival in, 85 settlement of, 73 New York City
Empire State Building, 282f
establishment of, 73
financial corruption post-Civil War,
2II-2I2,2I3f
Harlem Renaissance, 295 immigrant population in, 224 Jazz Age portrayals in, 295 portrayal of as futuristic metropolis, 299 Nicholson, Francis, 79-80 Nineteenth Amendment, 272 Nixon, Richard M. See also Vietnam War abuse of power by, 366-367 kitchen debate, Nixon/Krushchev, 342 New Federalism philosophy, 364 Pentagon Papers, 366 resignation of, 366-367 Watergate scandal, 366-367
North America
Barlowe report on, 20-22 depictions of generally, 33-35 English colonies. (See American colonies) Roanoke Island settlement, 20-22,
23-24
Spanish decline of influence in, 47 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 330 North Carolina
establishment of, 73 Fundamental Constitutions, 77-78 overview, 74t
slave, immigrant population increase in,
93
succession of, 174-176 North Dakota, 190 Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 131, 144-146
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 108
Nova Britannia: Offering most excellent fruites by Planting in Virginia (Johnson), 29-30, 34-35 Nullification Crisis, 159-160
Obama, Barack, 378-379 Oberholtzer, Madge, 288-290 Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), 364-365 Office of War Mobilization, 324 Oglethorpe, James, 114 Ohio, Mapp vs., 352-353 Okinawa, 321-322 Olympia, USS, 276-277 Oneida Nation, 195-196 On the Beach (Shute), 33if On the Road (Kerouac), 340-341 Opechancanough, 68f, 67-68, 69f,
7o
Operation Enduring Freedom, 377 Operation Iraqi Freedom, 377 Oregon, 144, 190 Oregon Trail, 190 O’Sullivan, John, 165 Otis, James, 101 Outcault, Richard, 252f Ovando, Nicolas de, 12-13
Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, 189 Paine, Thomas, 7, 71, 103-104, 106-107,
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 280-281 Palmer, Fanny, 187, i88f Panama Canal, 260 Panama/Colombia conflict, 260 Parks, Rosa, 337-338 “Parson’s Cause” case, 98 A Particular Discourse Concerning Western Discoveries (Hakluyt), 22 The Passing of the Great Race: The Racial Basis ofEuropean History (Grant), 290-291 Patriot Act, 377 Patten, Simon Nelson, 236-237 Patton, George, 323-324 Pearl Harbor, 310, 3iif Penn, William, 75, 76f Pennsylvania
immigrant population increase in, 91-93 Native American population decline in, 88-89 overview, 74t
retention of local control in, 80 settlement of, 75 Pentagon Papers, 366 Pequot tribe massacre, 56-57 Pershing, John J., 257, 273 Phelps, Austin, 251 Philadelphia, 224
Philippines, 252f, 251-252, 254-255^
256-257 Photography Project, 305f Pike, James Shepherd, 210-211 Pinckney, Eliza Lucas, 113 Pink, Lavendar, Black scares, 333-334 Pizzaro, Francisco, 14-15 Plantation Duties Act of 1673, 78 The Plastic Age, 296 Plessy vs. Ferguson, 216-217, 336-337 Pocahontas, 30-31
The Pocket Book of America, 318-319, 33o
Poor Richard’s Almanacks, 94-95 Popular sovereignty, 168, 169 Populist party, 243-245 Portugal, 12-13 Post Office, 132-134 Post Office Act of 1792, 132-133 Potsdam conference, 328-329 Poverty
fears of, 87-88 war on, 358-359, 371 Powhatan Confederacy, 29-32
Presidential campaign i964
Daisy commercial censorship, 350-351 Democratic convention, 349 Goldwater, Barry, 350f, 349-350 overview, 348 Presidential election 1896. See also Bryan, William Jennings; McKinley, William Chicago platform, 245 currency debate, 243 media deployment in, 247 moral stability debate, 243-245 overview, 242-243, 244f Presley, Elvis, 342
Printing, map-making, 15-16, i7f, 77-78 Progressive era. See also Coolidge, Calvin; Harding, Warren; Roosevelt, Theodore; Wilson, Woodrow; World War I
accommodation vs. dispossession conflicts, 238-241 antitrust legislation, 233-234, 235 automobile boom, 1920’s, 283, 287, 297 centralized regulation in, 263 construction boom, 1920’s, 282f, 281-282, 283 consumption lifestyle, 283, 299-300 displays of naval power, 264, 265f exploitation of immigrant labor, 235-236 fear of evil mindset in, 262 food legislation in, 263 gospel of wealth, 234-235 imperialism. (See Imperialism) improvement initiatives in, 264 Indian Wars, 238
industrial, living conditions in, 263 labor disputes, 236 loss of individuality in, 287, 299-300 New Nationalism concept, 264,
265-266, 290-291 organized crime in, 286 overview, 278
Prohibition, 285^ 284-285, 286 reality of worker’s lives in, 283-284 settlement houses, 262 social vs. conservative philosophies, 261-262, 266 “soldier’s faith” in, 256, 266-267 spiritual bankruptcy of upper classes in,
264-265
Standard Oil Company/Trust, 234 United States Steel, 234-235
urbanization vs. agrarianism in, 299 wealth distribution in, 297 Progressive Party, 265-266 Prohibition, 285^ 284-285, 286 Project Mercury, 340 Protestant Reformation (1517), 14 Public Works Administration (PWA), 304
Puerto Rico, 252f, 251-252, 254-255^