33. Lapteva, “Domashnaia rabotnitsa,” 43.
34. S. Frank, “Narratives,” 560; Ransel, Mothers of Misery, 167–71.
35. Glickman, Russian Factory Women, 74–75, 76, 80, 83; Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, 152; Franzoi, At the Very Least, 22; McDermid and Hillyar, Women, 86.
36. Glickman, Russian Factory Women, 86–87; Wirtschafter, Social Identity, 143.
37. Glickman, Russian Factory Women, 145.
38. Ibid., 70.
39. Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, 152.
40. Seamstresses did finishing work; dressmakers made entire garments; tailors catered mostly to men.
41. Glickman, Russian Factory Women, 66–67, 115.
42. P. Novikova, “Tri sestry,” 43–44.
43. Engel, Between the Fields and the City, 203.
44. Ibid., 211, 222; Glickman, Russian Factory Women, 121, 90.
45. Engel, Between the Fields and the City, 227; Gorky, Autobiography, 68.
46. S. Frank, “Narratives,” 541–66.
47. Il’iukhov, Prostitutsiia, 552. This paragraph and those that follow summarize the findings of Bernstein in Sonia’s Daughters.
48. Il’iukhov, Prostitutsiia, 550.
49. Tsentral’noe statisticheskoe upravlenie, Zhenshchiny, 55; Eklof, Russian Peasant Schools, 311.
50. Ruane, The Empire’s New Clothes, 131–32.
51. Bradley, Muzhik, appendix A; Nietyksza, “The Vocational Activities,” 159; Kelly, “Teacups,” 55–77; Newman, “The Gals,” 6.
52. Johanson, Women’s Struggle, 100.
53. Eklof, Russian Peasant Schools, 183, 186; Bradley, Muzhik, appendix A.
54. Ruane, Gender, 192, 117, 204.
55. Johanson, Women’s Struggle, 100; Frieden, Russian Physicians, tables 9.7 and 9.8; Ramer, “Childbirth,” 108.
56. Calculated from figures in Bradley, Muzhik, appendix A; Ramer, “Childbirth,” 108, 112; Frieden, Russian Physicians, table IV.B.1.
57. Calculated from figures in Bradley, Muzhik, appendix A.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. Clyman and Vowles, Russia, 226.
61. Ibid., 225.
62. Ruane, The Empire’s New Clothes, 87–113, 134–38; Von Geldern and McReynolds, Entertaining, 98.
63. S. Smith, “Masculinity,” 94–112.
64. Engel, Breaking, 6; Wagner, Marriage, 96; Freeze, “Profane Narratives,” 149; Crews, “Empire,” 76.
65. Freeze, “Profane Narratives,” 168, 160, 158–62; Engel, Breaking, 171–78, 6–7.
66. Iashchenko, “Zametky,” 89–104.
67. Hyman, Gender, 51–80.
68. Nietyksza, “The Vocational Activities,” 152; Abrams, The Making, 61.
69. Kebalo, “Exploring Continuities,” 41–44; Bohachevsky-Chomiak, Feminists.
70. Forsyth, A History, 192; Dolidovich and Fedorova, Zhenshchiny, 58, 196; Goncharov, “Zhenshchiny frontira,” 326, 339.
71. Dolidovich and Fedorova, Zhenshchiny, 184–89.
5. ACTIVIST WOMEN AND REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE, 1890–1930
1. Meehan-Waters, “To Save Oneself,” 121–33; Wagner, “The Transformation,” 806–10, 824–25; Wagner, “Paradoxes of Piety,” 211, 215, 217–19, 222, 236; Wagner, “’Orthodox Domesticity,’” 134, 136. Many thanks to William Wagner for sharing his work with me.
2. Wagner, “The Transformation,” 806–807, 813–18.
3. Meehan-Waters, “To Save Oneself,” 121–33; Wagner, “The Transformation,” 808–10, 824–25; Wagner, “Paradoxes of Piety,” 215, 217–19, 222; Wagner, “’Orthodox Domesticity,’” 134, 136.
4. Blobaum, “The ‘Woman Question.’”
5. Lindenmeyr, Poverty, 142–226.
6. Bisha et al., Russian Women, 366; Steinberg, Proletarian Imagination, 40.
7. Lindenmeyr, “The Elusive Life.” Many thanks to Adele Lindenmeyr for sharing this paper with me.
8. Norton and Gheith, An Improper Profession, 283–310.
9. McReynolds, “‘The Incomparable,’” 273–94.
10. Schuler, “Actresses,” 107–21.
11. Bek, The Life, 93; Dolidovich and Fedorova, Zhenshchiny, 167–79.
12. Koblitz, A Convergence, 113–268.
13. Matveeva, “V 1905,” 33, 35.
14. Glickman, Russian Factory Women, 189–95; Kudelli, “Rabotnitsy,” 11–13; Clements, Bolshevik Women, 102.
15. Ruthchild, “Soiuz ravnopraviia,” 79; Ruthchild, “Women’s Suffrage,” 8.
16. Ruthchild, “Soiuz ravnopraviia,” 38.
17. Ruthchild, Equality, 71.
18. Tyrrell, Woman’s World, 63.
19. Herlihy, The Alcoholic Empire, 8, 98–107.
20. Ibid, 98–107.
21. Ruthchild, Equality, 126–35.
22. Kollontai, Sotsial’nye osnovy.
23. Clements, Bolshevik Women, 30; Edmondson, Feminism, 133–34.
24. Offen, European Feminisms, 216.
25. Ruthchild, Equality, 83–87.
26. Karciauskaite, “For Women’s Rights,” 131–37; Edmondson, Feminism, 84; Henriksson, “Minority Nationalism.”
27. Blobaum, “The ‘Woman Question.’”
28. Rorlich, “Intersecting Discourses,” 154. Molla Nasreddin was a legendary trickster.
29. Suyumbike was the queen of Kazan when it fell to Ivan IV in 1552. The foregoing is based on ibid., 143–61; and Tohidi, “Gender,” 249–92.
30. Ruthchild, Equality, 193.
31. Glickman, Russian Factory Women, 195–215; Clements, Bolshevik Women, 32.
32. Glickman, Russian Factory Women, 213.
33. Clements, Daughters, 29; Stoff, They Fought, 25–26.
34. Stoff, They Fought, 23–52; Stockdale, “’My Death,’” 85; Timofeyeva-Yegorova, Red Sky, xiii–xiv.
35. MacKenzie and Curran, A History, 521.
36. Engel, “Not by Bread,” 706.
37. Ibid., 710–17.
38. St. Petersburg was renamed Petrograd in 1915 because that name was more Russian than the Germanic “Petersburg.”
39. Igumnova, Zhenshchiny Moskvy, 11.
40. Ruthchild, Equality, 226–30. The Constituent Assembly met in January 1918 and was immediately prorogued by the Bolshevik government.
41. The phrase is Stoff’s, from They Fought, 90–91.
42. The preceding paragraphs are based on ibid., 53–162; Stockdale, “‘My Death,’” 88–116.