43. Stoff, They Fought, 163–95. The phrase “saintly blood” is from a newspaper article in Sinii zhurnal, quoted in ibid., 169.
44. Ibid., 69–89, 211–13; Stockdale, “’My Death,’” 113.
45. Clements, Bolshevik Women, 134–35.
46. Boniece, “The Spiridonova Case,” 586–606; Rabinowitch, “Spiridonova,” 182–83.
47. Clements, Bolshevik Women, 32, 44–45.
48. Kommunistka, no. 1 (1922): 13.
49. Koenker, “Urbanization and Deurbanization,” 81.
50. Goldman, Women at the Gates, 1.
51. Clements, “Working-Class and Peasant Women,” 225; Clements, Daughters, 47; Clements, Bolshevik Women, 162.
52. Kaluzhskie bol’shevichki, 141.
53. Matveeva, “V 1905,” 37.
54. Wood, The Baba, 209; Goldman, Women at the Gates, 111.
55. Wolf, Revolution, 15–21; Geisler, Women, 24; Clements, “Communism.”
56. The Bolsheviks moved the capital from Petrograd to Moscow in 1918.
57. Rizel’, “Sostav,” 27.
58. Clements, Bolshevik Women, 267–71.
59. Ruthchild, Equality, 252–53.
60. Edgar, “Emancipation,” 145–47; Northrop, Veiled Empire, 131.
61. Sultan-Zade, “Oil Commander”; Kamp, The New Woman, 186–88.
62. Northrop, Veiled Empire, 83–101.
63. Kamp, The New Woman, 212–14, 220–22; Edgar, “Bolshevism,” 266–67.
64. Farnsworth, “Rural Women,” 167–88.
65. Krest’ianka, nos. 1–2 (1922).
66. Alexopoulos, Stalin’s Outcasts, 3, 20–31, 49–51.
67. Ibid., 27, 62–69.
68. Ibid., 37–39, 99, 118–22, 130–35, 141.
69. Goldman, Women, the State, and Revolution, 270–75, 107; Clements, “The Effects,” 115.
70. Lunacharskii, O byte, 202.
71. Rabotnitsa, no. 15 (1926): 16.
72. Clements, “The Birth,” 231.
6. TOIL, TERROR, AND TRIUMPHS, 1930–53
1. Goldman, Women at the Gates, 1, 26–27; Tsentral’noe statisticheskoe up-ravlenie, Zhenshchiny, 35; Weiner, From Working Girl, 4; Boxer and Quataert, Connecting Spheres, 222.
2. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv, Vsesoiuznaia perepis’, 177–79; Goldman, Women at the Gates, 26–27; Opdycke, Routledge Atlas, 90.
3. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv, Vsesoiuznaia perepis’, 163–96.
4. Hoffman, The Littlest Enemies, 37–38.
5. Viola, “Bab’i Bunty,” 189–205; Olcott, The Kazaks, 181; Forsyth, A History, 291–93; Northrop, Veiled Empire, 320.
6. Viola, “Bab’i Bunty,” 199.
7. Hoffman, The Littlest Enemies, 47.
8. Fitzpatrick and Slezkine, In the Shadow, 229–30.
9. Viola, The Unknown Gulag, 32; Applebaum, Gulag, 47.
10. Ransel, Village Mothers, 108–109, 88.
11. Manning, “Women,” 211; Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv, Vsesoiuznaia perepis’, 163–64.
12. Ransel, Village Mothers, 236; Manning, “Women,” 236; Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv, Vsesoiuznaia perepis’, 82, 135.
13. Fitzpatrick and Slezkine, In the Shadow, 308, 312.
14. Ilic, “Traktoristka,” 114.
15. Goldman, Women at the Gates, 80, 104–105.
16. Fitzpatrick and Slezkine, In the Shadow, 253.
17. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv, Vsesoiuznaia perepis’, 135.
18. Garros, Korenevskaya, and Lahusen, Intimacy, 209; Fitzpatrick and Slezkine, In the Shadow, 326.
19. Chatterjee, “Soviet Heroines,” 52; Krylova, Soviet Women, 41–43.
20. Fitzpatrick and Slezkine, In the Shadow, 362, 363.
21. Randall, Soviet Dream World, 124; Buckley, Mobilizing, 275–78.
22. Neary, “Mothering”; Schrand, “Soviet ‘Civic-Minded’ Women,” 127.
23. Krylova, Soviet Women, 41–43, 49–51.
24. Timofeyeva-Yegorova, Red Sky, 47; Krylova, Soviet Women, 14, 41–43.
25. Shulman, Stalinism, 119–48.
26. Ibid., 187–221.
27. Davies, Popular Opinion, 67; Goldman, Women at the Gates, 292–93; Krylova, Soviet Women, 72–73.
28. Sultan-Zade, “Oil Commander.”
29. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv, Vsesoiuznaia perepis’, 88–89, 152; Forsyth, A History, 287.
30. Getty and Naumov, The Road, 588; Applebaum, Gulag, 580.
31. Clements, Bolshevik Women, 286–87.
32. Getty, Rittersporn, and Zemskov, “Victims,” 1025; Mason, “Women,” 132; Applebaum, Gulag, 311; Rossman, “A Workers’ Strike,” 78; Clements, Bolshevik Women, 279–80.
33. Fitzpatrick and Slezkine, In the Shadow, 390.
34. Ibid., 327–30.
35. “Gulag” stands for Glavnoe upravlenie ispravitel’ no-trudovikh lagerei I kolonii: in English, Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps and Colonies.
36. Vilensky, Till My Tale, 255.
37. Healey, “Lesbian Lives.”
38. Vilensky, Till My Tale, 157, 225.
39. Applebaum, Gulag, 260.
40. Hoffman, The Littlest Enemies, 109.
41. Timofeyeva-Yegorova, Red Sky, 49–55; Hoffman, The Littlest Enemies, 110, 52–71, 153–55, 167, 180–81, 185.
42. Ginzburg, Within the Whirlwind, 417–18, 423.
43. Overy, Russia’s War, 288; Merridale, Ivan’s War, 363.
44. Overy, Russia’s War, 193; Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, 180.
45. Opdycke, Routledge Atlas, 101; Krylova, Soviet Women, 3, 115–16.
46. Krylova, Soviet Women, 89, 94–97.
47. Pennington, Wings, 22; Krylova, Soviet Women, 124.
48. Krylova, Soviet Women, 40; Engel and Posadskaya-Vanderbeck, A Revolution, 189.
49. Clements, Daughters, 82–83; Krylova, Soviet Women, 10, 155.
50. Slepyan, Stalin’s Guerrillas, 197–206.