51. Krylova, Soviet Women, 40–41, 90, 163; Cottam, Women, 197–201.
52. Pennington, Wings, 79.
53. Ibid., 72–89; Timofeyeva-Yegorova, Red Sky, 71.
54. Pennington, Wings, 72, 90, 136–40; Krylova, Soviet Women, 247–49.
55. Timofeyeva-Yegorova, Red Sky, 55.
56. Ibid., 210, 212. The foregoing is based on the memoir.
57. Alexiyevich, War’s Unwomanly Face, 63. The author does not provide this man’s last name, only his first name and patronymic. See also Krylova, Soviet Women, 189, 194–96.
58. Timofeyeva-Yegorova, Red Sky, 105; Beevor and Vinogradova, A Writer, 184; Krylova, Soviet Women, 233.
59. Tek, “U partisan,” 183; Pennington, Wings, 98; Alexiyevich, War’s Unwomanly Face, 79.
60. Simmons and Perlina, Writing, 29; G. Smith, “The Impact,” 79.
61. Bridger, “The Heirs,” 200; G. Smith, “The Impact,” 73, 77; Harrison and Barber, The Soviet Home Front, 216–17.
62. Simmons and Perlina, Writing, 137–38.
63. Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, 217.
64. Overy, Russia’s War, 134; Hoffman, The Littlest Enemies, 167, 157.
65. Simmons and Perlina, Writing, ix; Berkhoff, Harvest, 182; Overy, Russia’s War, 134; Merridale, Ivan’s War, 305–28.
66. Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, 226.
67. Alexiyevich, War’s Unwomanly Face, 122, 245, 123–24.
68. Ibid., 123–24, 122, 245; Merridale, Ivan’s War, 337–38; G. Smith, “The Impact,” 282.
69. Alexiyevich, War’s Unwomanly Face, 244; Stoff, They Fought, 170–71; Timofeyeva-Yegorova, Red Sky, 208.
70. Bucher, Women, 65.
71. Bridger, “The Heirs,” 200; Bucher, Women, 65–71.
72. Ginzburg, Within the Whirlwind, 356.
73. Fitzpatrick and Slezkine, In the Shadow, 316.
7. MAKING BETTER LIVES, 1953–91
1. Ilic, “Women,” 12–17; Attwood, “Celebrating,” 165.
2. Browning, Women.
3. Taubman, Khrushchev, 60, 59–61.
4. Tereshkova, “The ‘First Lady,’” 13.
5. Ibid., 16.
6. Clements, “Tereshkova.”
7. Tsentral’noe statisticheskoe upravlenie, Zhenshchiny, 62–63; Katz, Gender,104.
8. Z. Novikova, Zhenshchina, 144.
9. Kharchev, Brak, 222; Lapidus, Women, 174; Clements, “Communism”; Sperling, Organizing Women, 223–24; Hemment, Empowering, 29–30; Valentina Uspenskaia, personal communication.
10. Tsentral’noe statisticheskoe upravlenie, Zhenshchiny, 61–62.
11. Filtzer, Soviet Workers, 180, 185, 192.
12. Clements, Daughters, 99–100.
13. Katz, Gender, 74, 110–11; Chapman, “Equal Pay,” 225–26; Opdycke, Routledge Atlas, 113.
14. Clements, Daughters, 100–101.
15. Kabakov, Na kommunal’noi kukhne, 28.
16. Ibid., 40, 110.
17. Ibid., 107.
18. Ibid., 38, 177.
19. The statistics in the last two paragraphs derive from Tsentral’noe statisticheskoe upravlenie, Zhenshchiny, 68–69; UN Department of International and Social Affairs, The World’s Women, 82; Seager and Olson, Women, chart 13; Boxer and Quataert, Connecting Spheres, 253.
20. Katz, Gender, 78.
21. Hansson and Linden, Moscow Women, 110.
22. Baranskaya, “A Week,” 661.
23. Clements, Daughters, 106.
24. Bridger, Women, 78, 81.
25. Wegren, Land Reform, 23; Katz, Gender, 99; Bridger, Women, 211.
26. Bridger, Women, 140–53; Ransel, Village Mothers, 116–18, 146–47.
27. Clements, Daughters, 110.
28. Moghadam, “Gender,” 30.
29. Forsyth, A History, 361, xv, 402; Vitebsky, “Withdrawing,” 182–83.
30. Bastug and Hostacsu, “The Price,” 128–35.
31. Crate, “Walking,” 119.
32. Tohidi, “Gender,” 249.
33. Field, “Mothers,” 102; Gilmour and Clements, “’If You Want,’” 210–22; Attwood, “Celebrating,” 167–68.
34. Friedman and Healey, “Conclusions,” 232–33.
35. Marody and Giza-Poleszczuk, “Changing Images,” 163; Ries, Russian Talk, 73–75.
36. Ries, Russian Talk, 74–75; Kay, Men, 11–14.
37. Alexeyeva and Goldberg, The Thaw Generation, 246; Penn, Solidarity’s Secret.
38. Mamonova, Women, 32.
39. Dowd, “Evolution.”
40. Rosenthal, “A Soviet Voice.”
41. S. White, Gorbachev, 53, 79, 143; Dzieciolowski, “Tatyana Zaslavskaya’s Moment”; Stankovic, “Soviet Academician”; Zaslavskaya, “Correlation.”
42. Zaslavskaya, “Correlation”; Zaslavskaya, The Second Socialist Revolution; Dzieciolowski, “Tatyana Zaslavskaya’s Moment.”
43. Clements, Daughters, 132–33.
44. Adelman, The Children, 74; Cerf and Albee, Small Fires, 115.
45. Belayeva, “Feminism,” 18.
46. Ibid., 19.
47. Sperling, Organizing Women, 108–11.
48. Kononenko, “Folk Orthodoxy,” 47–49; Davis, A Long Walk, 154–58; Crate, “Walking,” 122.
8. GAINS AND LOSSES, 1991–2010
1. Ashwin and Bowers, “Do Russian Women,” 23–25; A. White, Small-Town Russia, 82; Phillips, Women’s Social Activism, 47.
2. Shevchenko, Crisis, 11, 173; A. White, Small-Town Russia, 111–16; Bridger, “Rural Women,” 42, 52; Crate, “The Gendered Nature,” 132, 141; Gapova, “On ‘Writing.’”
3. Werner, “Feminizing,” 111–12; Crate, “Walking,” 118; U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Russia.”
4. Pilkington, “’For the Sake,’” 127–30.
5. Irina Sondak, interview; A. White, Small-Town Russia, 18; Taraban, “Birthday Girls,” 107.
6. Irina Sondak, interview.
7. Bridger, “Rural Women,” 39; Bruno, “Women,” 57.
8. Website of “Russian Women”; Oushakine, “The Fatal Splitting,” 6; Pasternak, Chto vizhu; Taraban, “Birthday Girls,” 105–27.