9. Il’iukhov, Prostitutsiia, 5–6.
10. Rivkin-Fish, Women’s Health, 1; UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Abortion Policies 2007.
11. Popkova, “Women’s Political Activism,” 173; Starovoitova, “Being.” Many women avoided the term “feminist,” which had pejorative connotations. I will use it in the same sense as earlier, to refer to social activists who work for women’s emancipation from patriarchal institutions and customs.
12. Iacheistova, Zhenshchiny, 25; Sperling, Organizing Women, 87.
13. Posadskaya, “Women,” 11.
14. Kukhterin, “Fathers,” 78.
15. Tohidi, “Gender,” 284; Zhurzhenko, “Strong Women,” 28.
16. Harris, “The Changing Identity,” 213–14; Tohidi, “Gender,” 250; Abramson, “Engendering,” 72–77.
17. Kay, “Meeting,” 244.
18. Bridger, “Rural Women,” 51; Tatiana Khainovskaia, interview.
19. Oushakine, “The Fatal Splitting,” 11; Bridger, “Rural Women,” 51; A. White, Small-Town Russia, 41; Kay, Men, 5–28; Tohidi, “Gender,” 257.
20. Website of Vladimir Putin; “Singing PM,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IV4IjHz2yIo.
21. Salmenniemi, Democratization, 85; Mereu, “What Women Want”; Gorshkov and Tikhonova, Zhenshchina, 88; Shevchenko, Crisis, 152–61, 165–71.
22. N. White, “Women in Changing Societies,” 207–208; Philipov et al., “Induced Abortion,” 95–117; UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “Ukraine”; UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Abortion Policies 2007; Mirovalev, “Uzbek Women.”
23. Saktanber and Ozatas-Baykal, “Homeland,” 234–35; Buckley, “Adaptation,” 161; N. White, “Women in Changing Societies,” 209; Gorshkov and Tikhonova, Zhenshchina, 88; A. White, Small-Town Russia, 149.
24. Sperling, Organizing Women, 121; Buckley, “Adaptation,” 167–70.
25. Nechemias, “The Women of Russia,” 356–59; Sperling, Organizing Women, 119, 124.
26. Saktanber and Ozatas-Baykal, “Homeland,” 234–39; Popkova, “Women’s Political Activism,” 182; A. White, Small-Town Russia, 183.
27. Website of Kazimiera Prunskiene; website of the Lietuvos valstieciu liaudininku sajunga; Girdzijauskas, “Special Lithuanian Presidential Election”; D. Smith et al., The Baltic States, 121–22.
28. The foregoing paragraphs are based on Wolczuk and Wolczuk, “Julia Tymoshenko”; “Profile: Yulia Tymoshenko”; website of Yulia Tymoshenko.
29. Website of Mariia Arbatova; Rotkirch, “Arbatova,” 202–204.
30. “Marry Indian.”
31. Politkovskaya, Putin’s Russia, 242.
32. Holley, “Russian Journalist.”
33. Baker and Glasser, Kremlin, 19, 22, 161, 177; “Teen Widow.”
34. “Teen Widow.”
35. Salmenniemi, Democratization, 33, 40, 57; Sperling, Organizing Women, 34–37; Buckley, “Adaptation,” 166; Rivkin-Fish, Women’s Health, 221; Ishkanian, “Working,” 269; Hemment, Empowering, 54.
36. Sperling, Organizing Women, 19, 135; Rivkin-Fish, Women’s Health, 221; Pavlychko, “Feminism,” 308; Kebalo, “Exploring Continuities,” 52–54; N. White, “Women in Changing Societies,” 210–11; Dudwick, “Out of the Kitchen,” 244–45.
37. Pavlychko, “Progress,” 230; Hemment, Empowering, 30; Phillips, Women’s Social Activism, 33; Dudwick, “Out of the Kitchen,” 245.
38. Website of the Moskovskii tsentr gendernykh issledovani; website of Informatsionnyi portal; Sperling, Organizing Women, 26–27; website of Tverskaia tsentr; website of Universitetskaia set’; Uspenskaia, Aleksandra Kollontai; Pushkareva, Gendernaia teoriia.
39. J. Johnson, “Sisterhood,” 221–24.
40. Caiazza, “Committees,” 218–20; website of Soiuz komitetov; “’Materi Beslana.’”
41. Azhgikhina, Kto zashchishchaet, 3; Holley, “Russian Journalist”; Danilova, “Lyudmila Alexeyeva”; Feifer, “Russia’s New Dissidents.”
42. Barry, “Russian Dissident’s Passion.”
43. Sperling, Organizing Women, 55–57, 220; N. White, “Women in Changing Societies,” 211–12.
44. Rivkin-Fish, Women’s Health, 35–65; Sperling, Organizing Women, 232–39; Hemment, Empowering, 49–54; J. Johnson, Gender Violence, 2–3; Phillips, Women’s Social Activism, 80; Funk, “Fifteen Years,” 212.
45. Pavlychko, “Progress,” 229; Sperling, Organizing Women, 134–35, 202–203; Kuehnast and Nechemias, “Introduction,” 2, 13; Tohidi, “Women,” 167; Popkova, “Women’s Political Activism,” 189.
46. Gorshkov and Tikhonova, Zhenshchina, 94–99; Hemment, Empowering, 5; Salmenniemi, Democratization, 223.
47. Salmenniemi, Democratization, 5.
48. Ekaterina Sondak and Elena Khainovskaia, interviews; Shevchenko, Crisis, 40.
49. Shevchenko, Crisis, 41–43; Tatiana Khainovskaia, interview.
50. Gorshkov and Tikhonova, Zhenshchina, 102.
51. Ibid., 102, 114; Malysheva et al., Marriages, 86; Kay, Men; A. White, Small-Town Russia, 125–26.
52. Malysheva et al., Marriages, 114–15; A. White, Small-Town Russia, 142; Gorshkov and Tikhonova, Zhenshchina, 102–104, 33, 40; Akiner, “Between Tradition and Modernity,” 289; Harris, “The Changing Identity,” 217; Shevchenko, Crisis, 47.
53. Liudmila Buloichik, interview; Iacheistova, Zhenshchiny, 31.
54. Irina Sondak, interview; Gorshkov and Tikhonova, Zhenshchina, 13, 116, 29, 75–76; Malysheva et al., Marriages, 55, 79; A. White, Small-Town Russia, 133; Lyon, “Housewife Fantasies,” 31–32.
55. Gorshkov and Tikhonova, Zhenshchina, 100, 104; Liudmila Yushko, interview.
56. Gorshkov and Tikhonova, Zhenshchina, 102; Ekaterina Sondak and Elena Khainovskaia, interviews.
57. Tatiana Khainovskaia and Irina Sondak, interviews.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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