Index
Abdurakhmanova, Dzhanet, 303
abortion: 1855–1914, 173; 1914–30, 206; 1953–91, 254, 258–29, 272, 282; after 1991, 295
Academy of Sciences, 69, 74, 76
activism of women: 1855–81, 115–26; 1890–1914, 158–80; during World War I, 180–82; in 1917, 182–90; during civil war, 192, 193–94; in 1920s, 196–203; in 1930s, 211, 223–25; 1953–91, 276, 282–84; after 1991, 303–309
Afghanistan, 108, 278, 292, 293; gender reform in, 273, 292; unveiling campaigns in, 201
Africa, 202, 274
Agency for International Development, 307
Agitprop, 202–203
Agronomists, 271
Ak Aky, 284
Ak Kalfak, 284
Akhmatova, Anna, 264, 276
Aksionov, Pavel, 235
Aksionov, Vasili, 236
Albert, Prince Consort, 87
Alem-I-Nisvan, 178
Alexander I, 83–84, 86, 94, 108, 176
Alexander II, 110, 113, 114, 126, 153; assassination of, 125; reforms of, 113, 117, 123, 278
Alexander III, 122, 148
Alexandra, Empress, wife of Nicholas I, 85, 86–87
Alexandra, Empress, wife of Nicholas II, 181, 182
Alexandrova, Ekaterina, 277
Alexeeva, Liudmila, 276, 306
Alexis, Tsar of Muscovy: and Old Believers, 53–55; policies of, 27, 39; relations with family of, 37, 58
Alexopolous, Golfo, 205
All Union Fatherland Party, 300
All-Union Institute for the Study of Public Opinion, 280
Alma Ata, 272
Almanac: Woman and Russia, Mamonova, 277
Altai, 216, 228
Amin, Muhammad, 178
Anabaptists, 56
Anastasia, wife of Avvakum, 52
Andropov, Yuri, 277
Angelina, Praskovia, 256; attitude toward Stalin of, 252; career of, 218, 219, 220; as role model, 221
Anna, daughter of Catherine II, 72
Anna, Empress, 68–69, 81
Anna, mother of Peter III, 69
Apa, 284
Appanage Rus, xxii, 102, 316; definition of, 16; merchant women in, 17; noblewomen in, 17–23; peasant women in, 16–17; as period in Russian history, 14–23
Applebaum, Anne, 229
Arbatova, Maria, 294, 301–302
Ariian, Praskovia, 146
Armand, Inessa, 192
Armand, Varvara, 145
Armenia, xxii, 304
Armenians, 274, 288–89
Armitage, Susan, xiii
army: 1462–1695, 39; 1695–1855, 65, 98, 109; 1855–1914, 156; 1914–17, 183; in civil war, 191, 199; during World War II, 237, 246; after 1991, 302, 305
army, women’s service in: during World War I, 180; in 1917, 184–85; in civil war, 193; in World War II, 238–44
artisans, 5, 89, 117, 133, 152; women as, 5, 23, 107
artists, 87, 162; 304; women as, 68, 149, 162–64, 209, 213, 264
Artiukhina, Alexandra, 197–98, 199, 203
arts. See artists
Arzamas, 49
Arzamasskaia, Alena, 49
Asia, 202, 274
Assembly of Russian Factory and Mill
Workers, 169
Association for Women in Slavic Studies, xxiii
Association in Defense of Azerbaijan Women’s Rights, 284
Association of Small People’s of the North, 283
Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Russia, 296
Astrakhan, 45
attorneys. See lawyers
August Coup (1991), 279, 281
Augustus, Roman Emperor, 65
Austria, 97, 154, 180
authority of women, xiv; among Rus, 2, 18, 20, 23; 1462–1695, 22–33, 37, 40, 45, 47, 56; 1695–1855, 73, 78, 101–102, 104; 1855–1914, 150, 156; 1914–30, 20
avant-garde, 149, 159, 164, 194
Avignon, property rights of women in, 13
Avvakum, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56
Axis, 211, 212, 237
Azerbaijan, xxii, 226, 286; discussion of woman question in, 177, 292; women in, 201, 226–28, 274, 304–305. See also Baku
Azerbaijan Gender Information Center, 228, 304–305
babi bunty, 214–15, 219, 230
Baghdad, 178
Baku, 226; colonial women in, 156; Muslim intelligentsia of, 178; organizing of women’s regiments in, 184
Baku, women of: 1953–91, 272–73, 284; after 1991, 304–305
Balkans, 25, 97, 109, 198
Baltic states, 66, 97, 100, 109, 225, 286; women’s activism in, 172, 176–77
banking, 289
Baranov, V. D., 266
Baranskaia, Natalia, xvix, 264, 269–70, 275
Barber, John, 237
Bardina, Sophia, 124, 126
Bashkir, 120
battered women’s shelters, 307
Beijing, United Nations Women’s
Conference in, 307
Bek, Anna, 165
Belaeva, Nina, 281–82
Belarus, 279, 289, 311, 313; annexation of, 108; hardships of World War II in, 247; industrialization in, 152; politics after 1991, 286, 301, 312; Slavic farmers in, 3, 121, 127; women soldiers in, 184–85, 239–40, 244
Belarusian State University, 311, 315
Belarusians, xiii, 152
Belinskii, Vissarion, 96
Belousova, Liudmila, 264
Belskaia, Maria, 216
Berkhoff, Karel, 247
Berlin, xviii, 165, 237, 247
Bernstein, Laurie, 143
Bershanskaia, Evdokia, 240
Beslan, terrorist invasion of school in, 302–303
Bestuzhev Courses, 118, 123–124, 146, 165, 174
Bestuzhev-Riumin, K. N., 118
Bible, 94, 311
Biriukova, Alexandra, 279
Birobidzhan, 229
birthrate: of peasants in 18th and 19th centuries, 103; in 1930s, 216, 225; in 1940s, 248–49; 1953–91, 259; after 1991, 290, 295
Black Earth, 99
black market, 220, 229, 258
Black Sea, 2, 45
Bloody Sunday, 1905, 169, 194
blue-collar workers, women as. See working-class women
boarding schools, 92–93, 116–117
Bochkareva, Maria, 185–87, 196
Bogdan, Valentina, 220
Bohac, Rodney, 102
Bohemia, 58
Bolshevichki. See Bolshevik feminists Bolshevik party, xxi; in 1917, 182–83, 185, 187, 188, 190; during civil war, 191–92; gender ideas of, xvi, 190, 196; policies toward women of (1917–21), 191; women in, 180, 187–88, 189–90, 191, 255. See also Bolshevik feminists; Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Bolshevik feminists, 190–91, 192, 211, 221, 251. See also feminism Bonner, Elena, 276
Borderlands, 152, 175. See also specific countries
Boretskaia, Marfa, 20–23, 25, 322n23
Boretskii, Fedor, 22
Boretskii, Izak, 22
Boretskii, Vasili, 22
Borisova, N., 281
Brezhnev, Leonid, 273, 276, 277; gender ideas during rule of, 274–76, 293; and the woman question, 258–61
bride price, 103, 200, 226, 228, 273
Bridger, Susan, 293
brothels, 143, 144, 152, 173
Brussels, 318
Buddha, 274
Buddhism, 46
Bulgaria, 258
Buloichik, Liudmila, 310
Bund, 153
Burgundy, 316
Buryats, 46, 47, 155, 228, 273, 274
Bushueva, Valentina, 246
Byzantine Empire, 2, 7, 8, 9, 12, 53
Cambridge University, 146
Canadian Fund for Gender Equality, 307
Catherine I, 67, 68, 69
Catherine II, the Great, xiv, xix, 68, 83; accomplishments of, 73–74; coup of, 72; early life of, 70–72, 85–86; educational policies of, 74–76, 117; and Ekaterina Dashkova, 76, 78; and Enlightenment, 72, 74, 93, 95; and expansion of Russia, 108; and imagemaking, 72–74, 87; and limiting of monasteries, 160; and strengthening of serfdom, 98, 108