Dmitri, son of Ivan IV, 50–52
Dmitri Boretskii, 27, 28
Dmitri Donskoi, Prince of Moscow 23, 25
Dmitri Shemiaka, 24
Dniepr River, 2
Dobrodeia, 7
doctors, 130, 114, 173, 225, 242, 288, 295, 309
doctors, women as: 1855–1914, xv, 118–22, 152, 159, 167; 1920s, 190, 198, 209; 1930–53, 213, 238; 1953–91, 253, 261, 271; after 1991, 288, 309
Dolgorukii, Ivan, 80, 81
Dolgorukaia, Natalia, 80–81, 104
domestic servants, unions of, 170, 171
domestic servants, women as: 1855–1914, 113, 132, 135–36, 146, 152; 1930–53, 213, 221, 247; 1953–92, 271
domestic violence, 290, 292, 304, 305, 307. See also wife-beating
domesticity. See cult of domesticity
Domostroi, The: 1462–1695, 25, 28, 32–35, 36, 44, 58, 63; 1695–1914, 6, 16, 33, 34, 37, 61; 1930–53, 221
Donets Basin, 245
Dorpat, 146
double shift: 1930–53, 247, 250, 254; 1953–91, 8, 13, 16, 20–25, 33, 253, 254,; after 1991, 287, 290, 291, 301, 311
Dowd, Maureen, 298
dowry: in Rus period, 12–13; 1462– 1695, 34, 39, 41, 47; 1695–1855, 74, 79, 99, 101, 103; 1855–1914, 128; 1930– 1953, 228; 1953–91, 274
dress: in Rus period, 3, 5; 1462–1695, 35; 1695–1914, 64, 66; in Central Asia, 201, 263
dressmakers, 138, 326n40
Druzhina-Osoryin, Kallistrat, 40
Druzhina-Osoryina, Iuliana, 40
Dubna Conference, 283, 304
Dubovitskaia, Ksenia, 214
Dubrovka Theater, attack on, 302–303
Duma: definitions of, xxi; 1906–1917, 158, 172, 175, 178, 182; after 1991, 294, 296, 302
Eastern Bloc, 258, 263, 278; women in, 262, 265
East Germany, 258, 278
Easter, 105
Eastern Europe: in seventeenth century, 27, 58; 1695–1914, 97, 100; 1953–1991, 253, 265, 276, 278; after 1991, 289, 297, 307
Eastern Front of World War II, 237
Edinburgh, 76
editors, women as: 1855–1914, 115, 149, 163, 177, 178; 1930–51, 213; 1953–91, 277
education, 86, 113, 151, 275; Catherine the Great and, 70, 72, 74–76; higher, 83–84; and intelligentsia, 90, 96, 110, 118, 154, 161, 164–65, 173, 176, 177–78, 260; patronage by women of, 69–70, 74–75; of peasants (after 1855), 129–30; of peasants (1953–91), 271; public opinion regarding (after 1991), 309, 310, 312; and revolutionaries, 190–91; Soviet programs regarding (1918–28), 191, 194, 204, 205, 210; Soviet programs regarding (1930–53), 212, 318; and Zhenotdel, 197. See also faculty in higher education, women as; teachers
education of females: 1695–1914, 64, 82, 92–93, 317; 1855–1914, 112, 122–23, 129–30, 147, 153, 154, 155, 176; 1930–53, 196, 217, 220, 226, 228, 250, 252; 1953–92, 253, 261, 271, 272, 273; after 1991, 292, 294
education and feminists: 1855–1914, 110, 114, 116–19, 159, 167–68, 170–71, 178; 1953–92, 260
Egorova, Anna, 224, 226, 235, 241–43, 249, 250
805th Attack Aviation Regiment, 242
Ekaterina, tsarevna, daughter of Alexis, 58, 64
Ekaterinburg, women’s battalions in, 184
Ekster, Alexandra, 164
Elagina, Avdotia, 95, 96
Elena, Grand Duchess, 94, 109
Eletskoi, Fedor, 43–44
Elizaveta, Empress, 68, 69–72, 86
emancipation of women: Bolshevik program of, 180, 191, 192, 193; Communist Party conceptions of, 195–96; feminist conceptions of (1855–1914), 114–15, 124–25; German Social-Democratic program of, 174–75; and intelligentsia, 123; Soviet programs of, 159, 194, 198–99, 209, 210. See also Bolshevik party; Communist Party of the Soviet Union; feminism
emancipation of the serfs, 113; consequences of, 113, 123, 156; consequences for peasant women, 128–29, 132, 160; terms of, 123, 126–27
embroidery: 1462–1695, 29, 33, 36, 41; 1695–1855, 74, 86, 93, 99; 1855–1917, 116, 131, 161, 164
Emperor, as title of Russian rulers, xxii, 324n4
employment. See industrial labor force, women in; division of labor, gendered
energetic masculinity, 66
Engel, Barbara Alpern, xiii, 126, 142, 151
engineers, 194, 223; women as, 213, 226, 238, 262
England, 30, 148; female physicians in (1882), 119; gender values in, 68; women’s property rights in, 13, 39, 80. See also English; Great Britain
English, xiv, 110, 256; colonialism, 47; cult of domesticity, 89; laws regarding women, 14; lives of women, 32; prostitution, 143; slavery, 30
Enlightenment, The, 83, 97; Catherine II and, 72–73, 74–75; critique of, 82; women in, 78, 95
entertainment: 1462–1695, 29; 1695– 1914, 64, 66, 105; 1855–1914, 113, 144, 145, 162–64; 1953–1991, 264
entrepreneurs, women as: 1855–1914, 131–32, 152; after 1991, 289, 304, 311
Eskimos, 46
Estonia, xxii, 152, 286
Estonians, xiii European Parliament, 306
Evdokia, Princess of Moscow, 23–26
Evdokia, princess, daughter of Alexis, 58
Eve, Biblical, 10–11
Evfrosinia, Queen of Hungary, 7
Evreinova, Anna, 170
factory workers activism among: 1890–1917, 159, 168, 173–74, 179–80, 193–94; 1918–28, 198; 1930–53, 213, 224, 245, 247; 1953–92, 261
factory workers, women as: 1855–1914, 113, 136–38, 139–41, 152; 1930–53, 213, 261. See also working-class women
faculty in higher education, women as: 1855–1917, 164–65; 1930–53, 213; 1953–91, 253, 260, 262, 283, 284; after 1991, 304
False Dmitri, 50, 51
Family Law Code: of 1918, 191, 203, 207; of 1926, 207–209; of 1936, 225–26; of 1944, 248–49. See also divorce; marriage law
Far East, 224, 228, 236
Far North, 228, 229, 232
Farmers and New Democracy Party, 297
Farnsworth, Beatrice, 128
fatherhood, ideals of: 900–1462, 12, 13, 18; 1462–1695, 34–35, 39, 58; 1695–1855, 87, 101; 1855–1914, 134, 151; 1953–91, 274–75; after 1991, 292. See also gender values and norms in Russian history; masculinity, ideals of Federation of Women Writers, 282
Fedor I, tsar, 27, 49
Fedor II, tsar, 60
Fedulova, Alevtina, 282
feldshers, 148, 152, 155, 209, 239
femininity, ideals of: 900–1462, 10–12; 1462–1695, 28–29, 32–33;1695–1855, 68, 81–83, 85–90; 1855–1914, 149–50; 1930–53, 211–12, 221–23; 1953–91, 259–60, 275–76; after 1991, 290–93. See also gender values and norms in Russian history; motherhood, ideals of
feminism, xvii, xxiii, xxiv; 1695–1855, 110; 1855–1914, 112, 114–19, 122–23, 124–25, 126, 154, 156; 1890–1930, 159– 60, 163, 167–68, 170–77, 178–79, 180, 183–84, 190, 198, 199, 209; 1930–53, 211, 220, 221, 222, 223, 251; 1953–91, 254, 260, 262, 277, 281–83, 284, 285; after 1991, 291, 293, 296, 301–302, 303, 307, 308, 314, 317, 318, 334n11
feminists. See feminism
Field, Deborah, 274–75
Figner, Vera, 183
Filaret, patriarch, 39
Filosofov, Vladimir, 115–16, 119
Filosofova, Anna, 115, 119, 168, 173
Finland, 108; feminist movement in, 175–76, 179
Finnish legislature, 176
Finnish Social Democratic Party, 176
Finnish Union of Women’s Rights, 176
Finno-Ugric peoples, 46
First All-Russian Congress of Women, 173–74, 175
First Five-Year Plan, 202, 212–13, 214, 220
First Non-Party Congress of Azerbaijani Women, 227
First Petrograd Women’s Battalion, 185
First Russian Women’s Battalion of Death, 184–85
586th Fighter Regiment, 240, 41