marriage law: 900–1462, 13–14;1695– 1855, 66–67, 90–91, 109; 1855–1914, 175; 1914–30, 191, 200, 203, 207–209; 1930–1953, 225, 248–49. See also divorce; Family Law Code
Marxism, 188, 213; and women’s emancipation, xxiii, 174–75, 260, 282
masculinity, ideals of: 900–1462, 11–12; 1462–1695, 34–35, 48; 1695–1855, 66, 90, 101; 1855–1914, 150–51; 1914–30, 206–207; 1930–1953, 221; 1953–91, 274–75; after 1991, 293–94. See also fatherhood, ideals of; gender values and norms in Russian history
Massa, Issac, 50, 51
maternalists, 291–92, 307, 311
maternity care: 1855–1914, 141, 175, 178; 1914–30, 191; 1930–53, 216; 1953–91, 254, 259, 270, 282; after 1991, 291, 295
Matthews, Christopher, 298
Matveev, Artamon, 58
Matveeva, Anna, 169, 194
Maupassant, Guy de, 233
Medical-Police Supervision of Prostitution, The, Pokrovskaia, 164
medicine, women in: 1855–1914, 112, 118–22, 124, 130, 147–48; 1914–30, 203; 1953–91, 262; after 1991, 288, 303, 309. See also dentists; doctors, women as; feldshers; midwives; nurses; pharmacists
Medvedev, Dmitri, 286
Memorial, 284
Mendeleev, D. I., 123
Menshevik Party, 153, 182, 187, 204
Menshikov, Alexander, 68
merchants: 900–1462, 5, 20; 1462–1695, 26, 27, 29, 31, 35, 57, 58; 1695–1855, 107; 1914–30, 170, 181, 183, 193; 1930–1953, 226; after 1991, 289
merchant women: 900–1462, 5, 17, 23; 1695–1855, 107–108; 1855–1914, 117, 145–46
Meshketian Turks, 251
metalworkers, 142, 150–51, 170, 213
Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church, 9
Michael, Grand Duke, 94
Michael, Prince of Tver, 22
Michael, Tsar, 27, 51, 58
Michels, Georg, 53
middle class, in Western Europe: 1695–1855, 85, 89, 90, 107; 1855–1914, 179; 1953–91, 263
middle class in Russia, women in: 1695–1855, 92, 107; 1855–1914, 112, 135, 145–46, 152, 163, 314. See also merchant women
midwives: 900–1462, 4; 1855–1914, 120, 130, 148, 162, 199; 1930–53, 216; 1953–91, 272; after 1991, 303
migrant workers, male, 132–34, 150
migrant workers, female: 1855–1914, 134, 139; 1930–53, 216; 1953–91, 271; after 1991, 288–89
Mikhail, Prince of Lithuania, 21
Mikhailov, M. L., 115
Mikitka, servant, 44
Miliukova, Anna, 170
Miliutin, Dmitri, 119, 120
Mill, John Stuart, 110, 114
Miloslavsky, Ivan, 59
miners, women as, 245
Minsk, 184, 249; women in (after 1991), 288, 304, 310, 311, 312, 313
Mirovich, Zinaida, 170
Mogilev, 152
Moldova, xxii, 286
Molla Nasreddin, 178
monasteries, 10, 50, 234; women’s patronage of: 9–10, 18. See also nuns
Mongols, 18–19, 22, 29, 46
Morozov, Gleb, 53
Morozov, Ivan, 54
Morozova, Evdokia, 54, 55
Morozova, Feodosia, 51–57
Morozova, Marfa, 145
Morshansk, 281; soldatki riot in, 181
Moscow: 900–1462, 16, 18, 22, 23; 1462–1695, 25, 26, 27, 37, 45, 49, 50, 51, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61; 1695–1855, 66, 84, 99, 102; 1855–1914, 128, 132, 150, 161, 164, 169, 170, 171, 177; 1914–30, 196, 197, 329n56; 1930–53, 221, 224, 229, 233, 236, 239, 242, 248; 1953–91, 255, 276, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284; after 1991, 290, 291; demographics of, 112, 134, 138, 145, 147, 148, 151, 193, 245; women’s activism in, 94, 116, 118, 146, 244, 302–303, 304; women’s lives in, 35, 53–54, 74, 192–93, 269; women’s work in, 133
Moscow Center for Gender Studies, 283, 304
Moscow Information Center of the Independent Women’s Forum, 304
Moscow metro, 224, 235, 241
mother-heroine campaigns, 249
motherhood, ideals of: 900–1462, 11, 18, 20, 23; 1462–1695, 33–34, 37; 1695–1855, 73, 75, 85–86, 88, 92, 101–102, 103–104; 1855–1914, 117, 149–50, 253–54, 176; 1930–53, 211–12, 223; 1953–91, 259–60, 272, 275; after 1991, 291–92, 293, 301
Mothers of Beslan, 305
Murmansk, 289, 312
Muscovy, xxii, 24, 317; merchant women in, 29; noblewomen in, 31–41, 49–63; nuns in, 40–41; Old Believers in, 51–57; peasant women in, 28–29; as period in Russian history, 25–26; slave women in, 29–31; witchcraft in, 41–45; and women of Siberia, 46–49
Mystical Images of War, Goncharova, 181
Nanai, 284
nannies, 87, 99, 104
Napoleon, 84
Naryshkina, Evdokia, 58, 60–61, 62–63, 65
Naryshkina, Natalia, 53, 56–57
nationalism, 283, 285, 295; and women as guardians of national culture, 85, 176–77, 253–54, 274, 284, 292
native peoples of the Americas, 46, 47, 154–55, 200, 273
native women of Siberia, xv; conquest by Muscovy of, 45–49, 63; 1695–1855, 108; 1855–1914, 154–55; 1930–53, 228–29, 246; 1953–91, 273–74, 284; after 1991, 288
Nazi. See World War II New Economic Policy (NEP): as policy, 194; as period in Soviet history, 194–209
New Soviet Man, 221
New Soviet Woman, 221–23, 275
New York Times, The, 298, 306
Nicholas I, 94, 110, 123, 148; and Crimean War, 109; and cult of domesticity, 83, 85, 88–90, 207; family life of, 86–87; reign of, 46, 83–85, 95, 97, 111
Nicholas II: and education of women, 123; reign of, 113, 114, 158, 169–70, 172, 176, 180, 182
Night Witches, 240–41.
Nightingale, Florence, 110, 148
nihilists, 123–24
Nikitichna, 266
Nikolai Borisovich, 243, 331n57
Nizhni-Novgorod, 28; servants’ unions in, 170
NKVD, xxi, 232, 234, 235, 237, 277
Nobel Prize, 165
nobles, xxiii; 1240–1462: 16–17; 1462–1695, 25–27, 29, 30, 38; 1695–1855, 65–67, 73, 109; 1855–1914, 113; 1914–30, 183, 193, 194, 204. See also Kievan Rus: warrior-elitein ; landlords
noblewomen: 1240–1462, 17–23; 1462–1695, 25, 37–41, 49–63; 1695–1855, 64, 66–68, 78–82, 85, 88, 97, 101, 317; 1855–1914, 112, 125, 126, 145, 146, 147, 161, 317. See also Kievan Rus: warrior-elite, women in, and landlords
Norov, A. S., 117
North America, 46, 101, 284, 289; cult of domesticity in, 88, 90; women in, 261, 267
Novgorod, 5, 19; literacy of women in, 17. See also Boretskaia, Marfa
Novgorod Chronicle, 22
Novikova, Lelia, 243–44
Novikova, Maria, 235
Novikova, Polina, 139–41, 142
Novikova, Z. E., 260
Novocherkassk, higher women’s courses in, 146
Novodevichi convent, 55, 61, 62
Novodevichi Institute, 74
Novosibirsk, economists of, 279–80
Novyi mir, 269
nuns: 900–1462, 10; 1462–1695, 40–41, 50–51, 53, 54, 62; 1855–1914, 160–61, 210; 1914–30, 181, 205; 1930–53, 234. See also convents
nurses, 209; in Crimean War, 109–110; 1855–1914, 148; in World War I, 180, 184; in civil war, 193; in World War II, 238
Obshchestvinnitsa movement, 223
October Manifesto, 170
Odessa: Jewish population of, 152; women’s higher education in, 146; women’s regiments in, 184
Ogonok, 281
Old Believers: origins of, 51, 53; role of women in, 53. See also Morozova, Feodosia
Olearius, Adam, 36
Olga, Princess of Kiev: 2, 7–9, 23
On the Eve, Turgenev, 115, 123