In all the world’s traditional and historic buildings, the columns are expressive, beautiful, and treasured elements. Only in modern buildings have they become ugly and meaningless.
The fact is that no one any longer knows how to make a column which is at the same time beautiful and structurally efficient. We discuss the problem under seven separate headings:
1. Columns feel uncomfortable unless they are reasonably thick and solid. This feeling is rooted in structural reality. A long thin column, carrying a heavy load, is likely to fail by buckling: and our feelings, apparently, are particularly tuned in to this possibility.
We do not wish to exaggerate the need for thickness. Taken too far, it could easily become a mannerism of a rather ridiculous sort. But columns do need to be comfortable and solid, and only thin when they are short enough to be in no danger of buckling. When the column is a free-standing one, then the need for thickness becomes essential. This is fully discussed under column place (226).
2. Structural arguments lead to exactly the same conclusion. Thin, high strength materials, like steel tubes and prestressed concrete, arc ruled out by good materials (207). Lower strength materials which are ecologically sound have to be relatively fat to cope with the loads.
3. The column must be cheap. An 8 by 8 solid wood column is too expensive; thick brick or stone columns are almost out of the question in today’s market.
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CONSTRUCTION
4. It must be warm to the touch. Concrete columns and painted steel columns have an unpleasant surface and are not very easy to face.
5. If the column takes bending, the highest strength materials should be concentrated toward the outside. Buckling and bending strength both depend on the moment of inertia, which is highest when the material is as far as possible from tire neutral axis. A stalk of grass is the archetypal example.
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| A version of box columns made of 1 inch wood planks, nailed together with spiral groove nails, and filled with chicken wire and ultra-lightweight concrete. |
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21 6 BOX COLUMNS
6. The column must be easy to connect to foundations, beams, and walls. Precast concrete columns are very hard to connect. So are metal columns. Brick columns are easy to connect to brick walls—not to the lighter weight skin structures required by wall
MEMBRANE (2 I 8) .
7. The column must be hand nailable, and hand cuttable to make on-site modification and later repair as easy as possible. Again, current materials do not easily meet this requirement.
A column which has all these features is a box column, where the hollow tube can be made as thick as is required, and then filled with a strong compressive material. Such a column can be made cheaper than comparable wood and steel columns; the outer skin can be made with a material that is beautiful, easy to repair, and soft to the touch; the column can be stiffened for bending, either by the skin itself, or by extra reinforcing; and, for structural integrity, the fill material can be made continuous with the column’s footings and beams.
An example of a box column which we have built and tested is a wooden box column, made with I inch wooden planks and filled with lightweight concrete the same density as wood, so that it has the overall volume and mass of a heavy 8 inch solid column. The drawing opposite shows these wooden box columns being made.
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| Possible box columns |
Box columns can be made in many other ways. One kind is made by stacking 8 by 8 inch lightweight concrete blocks, and filling the cavity with a concrete of the same density. Some wire reinforcing inside the column is required to give the column tensile strength. A hollow brick column, filled with earth is
TOWNS
within reach of at least one downtown and also that all the downtowns are worth reaching for and really have the magic of a great metropolis.
Therefore:
Put the magic of the city within reach of everyone in a metropolitan area. Do this by means of collective regional policies which restrict the growth of downtown areas so strongly that no one downtown can grow to serve more than 300,000 people. With this population base, the downtowns will be between two and nine miles apart.
catch basins of 300,000
two to nine miles apart .
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Treat each downtown as a pedestrian and local transport area— LOCAL TRANSPORT AREAS (il), PROMENADE (3 I ) , with good transit connections from the outlying areas—web of public transportation (16); encourage a rich concentration of night life within each downtown—night life (33), and set aside at least some part of it for the wildest kind of street life—carnival (58), DANCING IN THE STREET (63) . . . .
CONSTRUCTION
another possibility. Concrete, vinyl, and terracotta sewer pipe filled with lightweight concrete and reinforced with mesh; a resin-impregnated cardboard tube filled with earth; or two concentric cardboard tubes with the outer ring filled with concrete and the inner ring filled with earth; still another is made from a tube of chicken wire wesh, filled with rubble, plastered and whitewashed on the outside. And still another can be made with self-aligning hollow tiles for the skin. The tiles can be molded by hand with a hand press—in concrete or tile; the soft tile will make beautiful rose red, soft warm columns.
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| Box columns made from concrete sewer fife, filled with concrete. |
Therefore:
Make the columns in the form of filled hollow tubes, with a stiff tubular outer skin, and a solid core that is strong in compression. Give the skin of the column some tensile strength—preferably in the skin itself, but perhaps with reinforcing wires in the fill.
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As you already know, It is best to build the columns integral with root foundations (214) on the ground floor, or integral with the floor-ceiling vaults (219) on upper floors, and to fill them in one continuous pour. Once the columns are in position, put in the perimeter beams (217), and fill the beams at the same time that you fill the upper part of the column. If the column is free standing, put in column braces or column capitals—column connection (227)—to brace the connection between the two. And make the columns especially thick, or build them in pairs, where they are free-standing, so that they form a COLUMN PLACE (226). . . .
| 217 PERIMETER BEAMS* |
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. . . this pattern helps to complete box columns (216), by-tying the tops of the columns together once they are in position. It also helps to form the bearing surface for the edge of the floor-ceiling vaults (219). For this reason, the positions of the perimeter beams must correspond exactly to the edges of the vaults laid out in floor and ceiling layout (210).
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If you conceive and build a room by first placing columns at the corners, and then gradually weaving the walls and ceiling round them, the room needs a perimeter beam around its upper edge.