bce
Third Intermediate Period 1070-712 bce
Late Period 712-332 bce
Macedonian and Ptolemiac Period 332-30 bce
2920-2575 bce 2575-2134 bce 2134-2040 bce 2040-1640 bce 1640-1532 bce 1539-1070 bce
Roman and Byzantine rulers 30 bce-6 19 ce
Sassanian rulers Byzantine rulers Muslim conquest of Egypt Caliphates
Ottoman rule over Egypt Line of Muhammad 'Ali
(British Protectorate Elected government of Egypt 619-628 ce 628-641 ge 639-642 ge 641-1517 ce 1517-1805 ce 1805-1953 ce 1882) 1953-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Serpent's Tail for permission to reproduce the poem on page 166. While every effort has been made to trace copyright holders of the illustrations reproduced here, it has not been possible to locate them in every case. If copyright holders of unsourced illustrations would like to make themselves known to the publishers, we will be more than happy to make any reparation that is required.
Drafts of various parts of this book were read as papers in Leeds, Manchester, Derby, Brighton, Leicester and London: my thanks to everyone there who listened, made comments, and sent references. It's a pleasure to thank the following by name for all their help and enthusiasm: Angela and James for proofreading and many useful observations; John Baincs for his invaluable comments both on general themes and on points of detail; Alison Balaam; Moniquc Bell for giving me permission to reproduce a photograph of the marvellous beaded evening bag in her possession, and Bob Brier for putting me in touch with Ms Bell; Sarah Clack- son for showing me her work on the Coptic texts from Amarna in advance of publication; Erica Davies and J. Keith Davies at the Freud Museum for their enthusiasm for this project and much practical help during my visits there; the Committee of the Egypt Exploration Socicty for granting permission to reproduce copyright material; Joann Fletcher; David Frankfurter; Julie Hankey for giving access to the unpublished papers of her grandfather, Arthur Weigall, supplying me with references, and very kindly allowing me to read parts of her biography-in-progrcss of him; Professor J. R. Harris, whose seminars on Amarna texts when I was an undergraduate first stimulated my interest in Akhenaten; Anette Hang; Elinor van Heyningan; Tom Holland for letting me interview him and sending me The Sleeper in the Sands in advance of publication; Lisa Hopkins for some invaluable sources I would otherwise never have found; Lance Kwesi Lewis for all his assistance with Chapter 5, which would have been completely different without his generous gifts of materials; Imelda Lloyd; Suzi Maeder for stimulating discussions of Thomas Mann; Geoffrey Martin; Richard Parkinson for discussions and work-in-press; the Petrie Museum, LInivcrsity College London; Jan Picton for taking on the task of producing drawings and the map; Sebastian Puncher; Janet Richards for making available to me her essay on
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Egyptian sacred landscape in advance of publication; Gay Robins; Michelle Sampson; Ian Shaw for letting mc read sections of his thesis and his work-in- press; Patricia Spencer for patient and generous help with the archives of the Egypt Exploration Society; the staff of various departments of the University of Warwick, especially Maureen Bourne and Alan Watson; and all the people who read drafts of various sections or discussed my ideas with me - Catherine Alexander, Bridget Bennett, Kate Chedgzoy, Joanna Defrates, Simon Eccles, Emma Francis, Imogen Grundon, Rachel Hasted, Sally Macdonald, Diana Paton, Ger- aldine Pinch, Christina Riggs, Rob Singh, John Tait, Terry Wilfong, Sue Wiseman, Maria Wyke. In a book which dips its toes into as many ponds as this does, their input was much needed and appreciated. Mistakes, of course, remain my own. At Routledge, Vicky Peters always had faith in this project and her assistants Nadia and Catherine provided invaluable support: my thanks to them all.
Special thanks go to two people — Michael Davis, who read and commented on most of the book in draft, gave invaluable help (especially with Chapter 4), and put up with me while I wrote it; and Lynn Meskell. Before she left England for the USA we collaborated on some of the discussion of Amarna art in Chapter 2, and I owe a great deal to her bold ideas about Egypt and her knowledge of archaeological theory. It's a pleasure to acknowledge my debt and to say that without her this book would have been a very different project.
October 1999
ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS
Abbreviations
Acta Orientalia
Bulletin de I'Institutfrangais d'archeologie oriental* Bibliotheca Orientalis
Bulletin de la Societe d'Egyptologie de Geneve Bulletin de la Societe fran(aise dEgyptologie Cambridge Archaeological Journal Chronique d'Egypte
Cahiers de recherches de I'Institut de papyrologie et Egyptologie de I'Universite de Lille
Discussions in Egyptology Gottinger Miszellen
Journal of the American Oriental Society
Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
Journal for the History of Sexuality
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
Jahrbuch Preussischer Kulturbesitz
Journalfor the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities
W. Helck and E. Otto (eds) Lexikon der Agyptologie, 6 vols, Wiesbaden,
1975-86
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo
Alemoires publics par les membres de la Mission archeologique au Caire
Oudheidkundige Mededelingen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden
B. Porter and R. L. B. Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian
Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings, 6 vols, Oxford, 1927— (second
edition in progress)
Revue dEgyptologie
Studien zur Altagyptische Kultur
AO
BIFAO
BiOr
BSEG
BSFE
CAJ
CdE
CRIPEL
DE
GM
3AOS
JARCE
JEA
JHS
JNES
JPK
JSSEA
LA
MDAIK MAIAF OMRO PM
RdE SAK