G.E.M. de Ste. Croix, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1972), argues a controversial thesis but is excellent on Sparta. E. Badian, From Plataea to Potidaea (cited above) argues that Thucydides’ presentation has suspiciously pro-Athenian features; but reservations about this are expressed in Christopher Pelling, Literary Texts and the Greek Historian (2000); and in Tim Rood, Thucydides (cited above). Athenian strategy in the war itself is discussed in J.B. Salmon, Wealthy Corinth: A History of the City to 338 BC (also cited above); G.L. Cawkwell, “Thucydides’ Judgment of Periclean Strategy,” Yale Classical Studies, 24:53–70 (1975); and A.J. Holladay, “Athenian Strategy in the Archidamian War,” Historia, 27(3):399–426 (1978). Spartan strategy is examined by P.A. Brunt, “Spartan Policy and Strategy in the Archidamian War,” Phoenix, 19 (4):255–280 (1965). The link between speculative thinking and democracy is argued for by G.E.R. Lloyd, Magic, Reason, and Experience: Studies in the Origin and Development of Greek Science (1979); it is qualified in the epilogue to Hugh Lloyd-Jones, The Justice of Zeus, 2nd ed. (1983). Also of interest is Cynthia Farrar, The Origins of Democratic Thinking: The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens (1988). Fifth-century Athenian culture in general is dealt with in the excellent volume by Deborah Boedeker and Kurt A. Raaflaub (eds.), Democracy, Empire, and the Arts in Fifth-Century Athens (1998, reissued 2003).
The best handbook on Greek art is Martin Robertson, A History of Greek Art, 2 vol. (1975). John Boardman, Greek Art, 4th ed., rev. and expanded (1996), is also worth consulting. John Boardman (ed.), The Oxford History of Classical Art (1993, reissued 2001); and Robin Osborne, Archaic and Classical Greek Art (1998), provide overviews. Greek tragedy is assessed in Brian Vickers, Towards Greek Tragedy: Drama, Myth, Society (1973); and Simon Goldhill, Reading Greek Tragedy (1986), which attempts to put Greek tragedy in its polis framework, and “The Great Dionysia and Civic Ideology,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, 107:58–76 (1987), the latter reprinted in a valuable collection, Nothing to Do with Dionysos?: Athenian Drama in Its Social Context, ed. by John J. Winkler and Froma I. Zeitlin (1990), pp. 97–129. Other important late 20th-century to early 21st-century works include Froma I. Zeitlin, Playing the Other: Gender and Society in Classical Greek Literature (1996); M.S. Silk (ed.), Tragedy and the Tragic (1996); David Wiles, Tragedy in Athens (1997); and Christopher Pelling (ed.), Greek Tragedy and the Historian (1997). P.E. Easterling (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy (1997, reissued 2004), is a very useful collection of essays. For the sacred law from Selinus, a valuable reference is Michael H. Jameson, David R. Jordan, and Roy D. Kotansky, A “Lex sacra” from Selinus (1993). The standard work on Attic dramatic festivals is Arthur Pickard-Cambridge, The Dramatic Festivals of Athens, 2nd ed. rev. by John Gould and David M. Lewis (1988). Fifth-century Athenian building is put in a political context in Johannes Sipko Boersma, Athenian Building Policy from 561/0 to 405/4 B.C. (1970); and the brief and provocative work by Rhys Carpenter, Architects of the Parthenon (1970). The Parthenon frieze is reinterpreted as the mythological king Erechtheus and his family in Joan B. Connelly, “Parthenon and Parthenoi,” American Journal of Archaeology 100(1):53–80 (January 1996).
A useful general book about Greek women in Classical antiquity is Sarah B. Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves (1975). Mary R. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant, Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation, 3rd ed. (2005), provides a topically organized view of the public and private lives of both Greek and Roman women. The position of Athenian women is discussed in the splendid essay by John Gould, “Law, Custom, and Myth: Aspects of the Social Position of Women in Classical Athens,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, 100:38–59 (1980); and by David M. Schaps, Economic Rights of Women in Ancient Greece (1979). A valuable discussion of female religious life in mostly male-dominated Attica is Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood, Studies in Girls’ Transitions: Aspects of the Arkteia and Age Representation in Attic Iconography (1988), which discusses Brauron and the Artemis cult, celebrated there by women and girls. Averil Cameron and Amélie Kuhrt (eds.), Images of Women in Antiquity, rev. ed. (1993), is an interesting collection of papers. Nicholas F. Jones, The Associations of Classical Athens (1999), has interesting implications for women at Athens; as does Robin Osborne, “Women and Sacrifice in Classical Greece,” Classical Quarterly 43(2):392–405 (1993).
Slavery is discussed by M.I. Finley (ed.), Classical Slavery (1987); M.I. Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology, expanded ed., ed. by Brent D. Shawn (1998); Yvon Garlan, Slavery in Ancient Greece, rev. and expanded ed., trans. by Janet Lloyd (1988; originally published in French, 1982); Peter Garnsey, Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine (1996); and Peter Hunt, Slaves, Warfare, and Ideology in the Greek Historians (1998, reissued 2002). The best accounts of ancient Greek military technology are E.W. Marsden, Greek and Roman Artillery, 2 vol. (1969–71); A.W. Lawrence, Greek Aims in Fortification (1979); and Josiah Ober, Fortress Attica: Defense of the Athenian Land Frontier, 404–322 B.C. (1985). The 4th century
M.I. Finley, Ancient Sicily, rev. ed. (1979), includes discussion of Dionysius I. Oswyn Murray, “Rationality and the Greek City: The Evidence from Kamarina,” in The Polis as an Urban Centre and as a Political Community (1997), pp. 493–504, discusses the lead tablets from Camarina. The study of 4th-century Athenian democracy has been transformed by Mogens Herman Hansen, The Athenian Ecclesia, 2 vol. (1983–89), a collection of essays, and The Athenian Assembly in the Age of Demosthenes (1987; originally published in German, 1984). Additional works include R.K. Sinclair, Democracy and Participation in Athens (1988), an intelligent synoptic account; and Mogens Herman Hansen, The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes (cited above). David M. Lewis, “On the Financial Offices of Eubulus and Lycurgus,” chapter 25 in his Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History, ed. by P.J. Rhodes (1997), pp. 212–229, supplies essential background on those figures. Lysander’s role in the causes of the Corinthian war is admirably discussed by A. Andrewes, “Spartan Imperialism?” in Peter Garnsey and C.R. Whittaker (eds.), Imperialism in the Ancient World (1978), pp. 91–102. The whole period from 404 to 360 bce is discussed from a Spartan point of view in Paul Cartledge, Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta (cited above). But G.L. Cawkwell, “The Decline of Sparta,” Classical Quarterly, new series, 33(2):385–400 (1983), presents a very different perspective denying that there was any serious shortage of manpower at Sparta in this period. The diplomacy of the period is presented in Timothy T.B. Ryder, Koine Eirene (1965).