The system of higher education includes 4 categories of institutions:
(1) the two-year, or community college, which is financed by the local authorities and which is intended to satisfy the needs of the local community in different professions. Tuition fees are low in these colleges, that is why about 40 percent of all American students of higher education study at these colleges. On graduation from such colleges American students can start to work or may transfer to four-year colleges or universities;
(2) the technical training institution, at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from six months to three — four years, and learn different technical skills, which may include design, business, computer programming, accounting, etc.,
(3) the four-year college which is not part of a university. The graduates receive the degree of bachelor of arts (BA) or bachelor of science (BS),
(4) the university, which may contain (a) several colleges for students who want to receive a bachelor's degree after four years of study; and (b) one or more graduate schools for those who want to continue their studies after college for about two years to receive a master's degree (Master of Arts (MA) or of Science (MS) or a doctoral degree (Ph. D.— Doctor of Philosophy, in some science). There are 156 universities in the USA.
Any of these institutions of higher education may be either public or private. The public institutions are financed by the state. Of the four-year institutions 28 percent are public, and 72 percent are private, but most of the students, about 80 percent, study at public institutions of higher education, because tuition fees here are much lower. If at the end of the 1980s tuition fees at private institutions were 12 thousand dollars a year and even higher, at public institutions they were 2–5 thousand dollars a year.
Many students need financial aid to attend college. When a family applies for aid, an analysis is made of the parents' income. The aid may be given in the form of a grant, or stipend which the student doesn't need to pay back. It may be given as a loan, which the student must pay back after college. The third type of aid may be given in the form of some kind of work, which the student has to do at the university or college, for which he gets some money. Most students work, especially during the summer vacation.
The academic year is usually nine months, or two semesters of 4 and a half months each. Studies usually begin in September and end in July. There are summer classes for those who want to improve the grades or take up additional courses. Students who study at a university or four-year college are known as undergraduates. Those who have received a degree after 4 years of studies are known as graduates. They may continue with their studies and research work for another 2 years as graduates in order to get a higher degree. The undergraduate students who study for four years are called as follows: (a) the first-year student is called a freshman; (b) the second-year student is called a sophomore; (c) the student of the third year is known as a junior; and (d) the fourth-year student — a senior.
During one term or semester a student will study four or five different subjects. The students' progress is controlled through oral or written tests, term or course papers and a final examination in each course. Each part of a student's work in a course is given a mark which helps to determine his final grade. A student's record consists of his grade in each course. College grades are usually on a five-point scale: A — is the highest mark and is usually equal to 5 points, В = 4, C = 3,D = 2, E or F means failure. The points make it possible to calculate the GPA (grade point average). Normally, a minimum GPA of 3,5 points is necessary to continue their studies at the college or university and to graduate.
Each college or university has its own curriculum. There are courses that every student has to take in order to receive a degree. These courses or subjects are called major subjects or "majors". At the same time there are subjects, which the student may choose himself for his future life. These courses are called "electives". A student has to earn a certain number of "credits" (about 120) in order to receive a degree at the end of four years of college. Credits are earned by attending lectures or laboratory classes and completing assignments and examinations. One credit usually equals one hour of class per week in a single course during the semester.
Thus, we see that the American system of higher education gives the student much choice which he may realize according to his will. His achievements in his studies and future work depend upon himself. At the same time many Americans are not satisfied with the condition of higher education in their country. The high tuition fees make it difficult for low-paid American families to send their children to university. This is especially true for young people from minority groups — the Blacks, Asians, etc. Though much is spent by the state for education, American universities complain that these funds are becoming smaller with every new year. The equipment which is used at the universities for research is not modern enough, and the universities do not have the money to install new equipment. Under such conditions tuition fees are growing and many talented young people cannot receive higher education. Critics point out that one of every eight highly talented high school graduates does not go on to university or college, and only half the students who enter college for a bachelor's degree actually achieve their aim. All these problems are widely discussed today in American society.
ACTIVITY D
READING COMPREHENSION
PART I
DIRECTIONS:
Fill in the blank with the correct word:
It is not easy to enter a college or a university in the United States, because they may accept only one out of every ten who … .
Applicants are usually chosen on the basis of their high school … .
Among the four types of higher education institutions there is the two-year, or … …, which is financed by the local authorities and which is intended for local needs.
After four years of studies at a four-year college the graduates receive the degree of … … …, or … … … .
More students study at public institutions of higher education because … fees here are much lower.
When a student applies for aid, an analysis is made of the parents' … .
Many universities in the USA do not have the money … new equipment which is necessary for research.
PART II
DIRECTIONS:
Complete the sentence with the best answer (a, b or c) according to the information in the text:
1. Out of more than three million students who graduate from high school each year
a) most of them continue their studies and receive higher education
b) about one million go on for higher education
c) about one half join the workforce
The technical training institution is intended for high school graduates
to learn different technical skills and trades necessary for industry
to develop their knowledge of. foreign languages
to receive the degrees of bachelor of arts, or of science
Of the four-year institutions 28 percent are public and 72 percent are private, but
most of the students study at public institutions
most of the students study at private institutions
the tuition fee is the same for both types of higher school
During one term or semester a student will study
four or five different subjects
both majors and electives
many subjects that he will need in future life
Though much is spent by the state for education
American universities complain that these funds are becoming smaller with every new year
American universities receive much support from rich people
much money is received by the universities from their research programmes
PART III
DIRECTIONS:
III. Find out whether the statement is true or false according to the information in the text:
The SAT is a test in English language and literature which can be taken only once.
Tuition fees are high in community colleges.
The aid to a student may be given in the form of a grant, or stipend which the student must pay back after college.
Those who study at a university or four-year college are known as undergraduates, and those who have received a degree after four years of studies are known as graduates.
A first-year student is called a sophomore, and a second-year student — a freshman.
During one term or semester a student will study six or seven different subjects.