CONTENTS
Title Page
Dedication
Chronology
Maps
Family Tree
Preface
Introduction
I SCENES FROM A PROVINCIAL CHILDHOOD
II THE GREAT-UNCLE
III A POLITICAL MASTER CLASS
IV UNFINISHED BUSINESS
V A BOY WITH A NAME
VI FROM VICTORY, DEFEAT
VII KILLING FIELDS
VIII DIVIDED WORLD
IX GOLDEN AGE
X FIGHTING NEPTUNE
XI PARTHIAN SHOTS
XII EAST IS EAST AND WEST IS WEST
XIII THE PHONY WAR
XIV SHOWDOWN
XV A LONG FAREWELL
XVI ABDICATION
XVII WHOM THE GODS LOVE
XVIII EXERCISING POWER
XIX THE CULT OF VIRTUE
XX LIFE AT COURT
PHOTO INSERT
XXI GROWING THE EMPIRE
XXII A FAMILY AT WAR
XXIII THE UNHAPPY RETURN
XXIV THE BITTER END
INTO THE FUTURE
Notes
Sources
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Also by Anthony Everitt
Copyright
FOR RODDY ASHWORTH
CHRONOLOGY
B.C.
BEFORE 70
Gaius Octavius marries Atia
? 70
Gaius Cilnius Maecenas born
69
Octavia, Octavius’ second daughter, born
63
Consulship of Marcus Tullius Cicero
Conspiracy of Lucius Sergius Catilina
September 23
Gaius Octavius (Augustus) born
C. 62
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa born
61
Gaius Octavius (Augustus’ father) praetor
60
First Triumvirate formed
59
Julius Caesar consul
58
Gaius Octavius dies
58–49
Caesar proconsul in Gaul
BEFORE 54
Octavia marries Gaius Claudius Marcellus
53
Marcus Licinius Crassus invades Parthia; defeated and killed at Carrhae
52
Pompey the Great sole consul
49
Civil war begins. Caesar invades Italy, wins campaign in Spain, becomes dictator
48
Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalus in Greece
Pompey killed in Egypt
Caesar installs Cleopatra on Egyptian throne
46
Caesar defeats republican army in northern Africa
Cato commits suicide
45
Caesar defeats republican army in Spain
autumn
Octavius at Apollonia
44
Caesar Dictator for Life
March 15
Caesar assassinated
April
Octavius in Italy
Octavius accepts adoption by Caesar; becomes Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, or Octavian
43
War at Mutina; Mark Antony defeated
Octavian consul
Mark Antony, Octavian, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus form Second Triumvirate; Proscription launched; Cicero put to death
42
Campaign at Philippi; Brutus and Cassius commit suicide
Sextus Pompeius in control of Sicily
Julius Caesar deified
Octavia’s son, Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Marcellus), born
Tiberius Claudius Nero, son of Livia Drusilla and Tiberius Claudius Nero, (Tiberius) born
41
Lucius Antonius besieged at Perusia
Antony meets Cleopatra, winters at Alexandria
40
Perusia falls
Marcellus, Octavia’s husband, dies
Octavian marries Scribonia
Parthians invade Syria
Calenus dies in Gaul
Treaty of Brundisium; Antony marries Octavia
39
Treaty of Misenum
Ventidius defeats the Parthians
Agrippa campaigns in Gaul
Octavian’s daughter, Julia, born
38
Triumvirate renewed
Nero Claudius Drusus (Drusus) born
January 17
Octavian marries Livia Drusilla
Antony dismisses Ventidius
Sextus Pompeius defeats Octavian off Cumae and in straits of Messana
37
Virgil’s Eclogues published
Treaty of Tarentum
36
After initial defeat (August), Octavian defeats Sextus Pompeius at Naulochus (September 3)
Lepidus dropped from Triumvirate
Antony’s Parthian expedition
Octavian granted tribunicia sacrosanctitas
35
Sextus Pompeius killed
Octavian campaigns in the Balkans
34
Antony annexes Armenia
Donations of Alexandria
33
Octavian consul (2), Triumvirate lapses at end of year
Agrippa aedile
Tiberius Claudius Nero (father) dies
32
Antony divorces Octavia
Octavian publishes Antony’s will
Consuls leave Rome for Antony
Oath of loyalty to Octavian
31
Octavian consul (3)
Battle of Actium
30
Octavian consul (4)
Octavian captures Alexandria; Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide
29
Octavian consul (5)
Octavian’s triple triumph
Temple of Julius Caesar and the Curia Julia dedicated
Marcus Licinius Crassus pacifies Thrace
28
Octavian consul (6)
Review of Senate
Temple of Apollo on the Palatine dedicated
Mausoleum of Augustus begun
27
Octavian consul (7)
January
First constitutional settlement; Octavian named Augustus; granted a large provincia for ten years
Agrippa builds Pantheon
27–24
Augustus in Gaul and Spain
26
Augustus consul (8)
Dismissal and death of Gaius Cornelius Gallus
Expedition to Arabia Felix
25
Augustus consul (9)
Julia marries Marcellus
Augustus falls ill in Spain, convalesces
? 24–23
Trial of Marcus Primus and conspiracy of Fannius Caepio and Aulus Terentius Varro Murena
24
Augustus consul (10)
23
Augustus consul (11)
Augustus at Rome, falls ill
Second constitutional settlement: Augustus resigns consulship, receives imperium proconsulare maius and tribunicia potestas
Death of Marcellus
Horace’s Odes (three books) published
23–21
Agrippa with enhanced imperium in the east
22–19
Augustus in the east
21
Agrippa marries Julia, goes to Gaul
20
Augustus negotiates entente with Parthia; Tiberius in Armenia
Gaius born to Julia
Rufus Egnatius praetor
C. 19
Agrippa’s daughter, Julia, born
19
Egnatius bids for the consulship
Virgil dies
Augustus, back at Rome, receives consular powers
Agrippa subdues Spanish tribes
18
Renewal of Augustus’ imperium maius for five years
Renewal of Agrippa’s imperium for five years, plus grant of tribunicia potestas