Political developments are discussed in William T. Bluhm, Building an Austrian Nation: The Political Integration of a Western State (1973). John Fitzmaurice, Austrian Politics and Society Today: In Defence of Austria (1990), is a study of economic, social, and political characteristics against the traditional perception of Austrian neutrality. More-detailed analysis of the political forces in Austrian society is found in Max E. Riedlsperger, The Lingering Shadow of Nazism: The Austrian Independent Party Movement Since 1945 (1978); Melanie A. Sully, Political Parties and Elections in Austria (1981); and Anton Pelinka and Fritz Plasser (eds.), The Austrian Party System (1989). History
Konrad Spindler, The Man in the Ice (1994, reissued 2001; originally published in German, 1993), recounts the discovery of the well-preserved body of a Stone Age hunter in the Ötztal Alps. Comprehensive chronological coverage is provided in Richard Rickett, A Brief Survey of Austrian History, 9th ed. (1988); and Lonnie Johnson, Introducing Austria (1987). Erich Zöllner, Geschichte Österreichs: von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, 8th ed. (1990), is a massive history of Austria from ancient times to the end of the 1980s. Paula Sutter Fichtner, The Habsburg Empire: From Dynasticism to Multinationalism (1997), provides a comprehensive survey of the long history of the Habsburgs. Barbara Jelavich, Modern Austria: Empire and Republic, 1815–1986 (1987), covers Austrian history from the end of the Napoleonic Wars to the end of the 20th century.
Austrian History Yearbook, published by the University of Minnesota, is devoted to recent research. The series Contemporary Austrian Studies, ed. by Günter Bischof and Anton Pelinka, often with a guest editor, concentrates on recent Austrian history. Paula Sutter Fichtner, Historical Dictionary of Austria (1999), provides easily accessible, reliable information.
Studies of particular historical periods include A.W. Leeper, A History of Medieval Austria (1941, reprinted 1978), focusing on the Middle Ages up to the middle of the 13th century; Adam Wandruszka, The House of Habsburg: Six Hundred Years of a European Dynasty (1964, reprinted 1975; originally published in German, 1956), focusing on the late Middle Ages; Robert A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918 (1974); and R.J.W. Evans, The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation (1979, reprinted 1984), concentrating on the ascent of the house of Habsburg, and Rudolf II and His World: A Study in Intellectual History, 1576–1612 (1973, reissued with corrections, 1984). Thomas M. Barker, Double Eagle and Crescent: Vienna’s Second Turkish Siege and Its Historical Setting (1967); and Ivan Parvev, Habsburgs and Ottomans Between Vienna and Belgrade (1683–1739) (1995), explore the difficult relations between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires from the second siege of Vienna to the beginning of Maria Theresa’s reign. A thorough overall interpretation of the period from the Thirty Years’ War to the Congress of Vienna is given in Charles W. Ingrao, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815, 2nd ed. (2000).
The 18th century is examined in James Van Horn Melton, Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria (1988), discussing the educational system against the background of general social history; and Ernst Wangermann, The Austrian Achievement, 1700–1800 (1973), on cultural and intellectual life. Works on the monarchy include C.A. Macartney, Maria Theresa and the House of Austria (1969); Derek Beales, Joseph II: In the Shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741–1780 (1987), focusing on Joseph’s formative years; and Paul P. Bernard, Joseph II (1968), a brief survey. The Habsburgs’ stormy relationship with the Hungarians in the age of reform is dealt with in Éva H. Balázs, Hungary and the Habsburgs, 1765–1800: An Experiment in Enlightened Absolutism (1997; originally published in Hungarian, 1987). Austria’s great struggles against the French Revolution and Napoleon are covered in Karl A. Roider, Jr., Baron Thugut and Austria’s Response to the French Revolution (1987); and Gunther E. Rothenberg, Napoleon’s Great Adversaries: The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792–1814 (1982). Economic development is examined in David F. Good, The Economic Rise of the Habsburg Empire, 1750–1914 (1984); and John Komlos, The Habsburg Monarchy as a Customs Union: Economic Development in Austria-Hungary in the Nineteenth Century (1983). Culture is surveyed in Robert A. Kann, A Study in Austrian Intellectual History: From Late Baroque to Romanticism (1960, reprinted 1973).
Analyses of 19th-century politics and diplomacy include Harold Nicolson, The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity 1812–1822 (1946, reissued 1989); Arthur G. Haas, Metternich, Reorganization, and Nationality, 1813–1818: A Story of Foresight and Frustration in the Rebuilding of the Austrian Empire (1963); and Enno E. Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy, 2 vol. (1963–1983). István Deák, The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848–1849 (1979), is an excellent work on the national problems. The 19th century is further covered in Heinrich Friedjung, The Struggle for Supremacy in Germany, 1859–1866 (1935, reprinted 1966; originally published in German, 10th ed., 2 vol., 1916–17); C.A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918 (1968); Arthur J. May, The Hapsburg Monarchy, 1867–1914 (1951, reissued 1968); Henry W. Steed, The Hapsburg Monarchy, 4th ed. (1919, reissued 1969); Robert A. Kann, The Multinational Empire: Nationalism and National Reform in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1848–1918, 2 vol. (1950, reissued 1977); and A.J.P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, new ed. (1948, reprinted 1976); William McCagg, A History of Habsburg Jews, 1670–1918 (1989); Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (1980); and William M. Johnston, The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938 (1972).
John W. Boyer, Culture and Political Crisis in Vienna: Christian Socialism in Power, 1897–1918 (1995); and Brigitte Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna: A Dictator’s Apprenticeship, trans. from German (1999), provide a bridge between the 19th and 20th centuries. F.L. Carsten, Fascist Movements in Austria: From Schönerer to Hitler (1977); and Charles A. Gulick, Austria from Habsburg to Hitler, 2 vol. (1948, reprinted 1980), do the same through analyses of social and political developments. Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Army of Francis Joseph (1976, reissued 1998); and Alan Sked, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918, 2nd ed. (2001), explain structural reasons for the breakdown of the monarchy. Karl R. Stadler, Austria (1971); and Elisabeth Barker, Austria, 1918–1972 (1973), cover 20th-century history in general. David F. Good, Margarete Grandner, and Mary Jo Maynes (eds.), Austrian Women in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives (1996), gives a good overview of women’s history.