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He notes her abiding interest: Dickinson, Emily. Final Harvest: Emily Dickinson’s Poems. Selections and introduction by Thomas H. Johnson. New York: Little Brown, 1961.
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“Winter afternoons”: Dickinson, Emily. The Poems of Emily Dickinson: Reading Edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005, 142.
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Literature, drama, essay, and poetry: Ashfield, Andrew, and Peter de Bolla. Sublime: A Reader in British Eighteenth-Century Aesthetic Theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Kim, Sharon. Literary Epiphany in the Novel, 1850–1950: Constellations of the Soul. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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students were first presented: Thrash, Todd M., Laura A. Maruskin, Emil G. Moldovan, Victoria C. Oleynick, and William C. Belzak. “Writer-Reader Contagion of Inspiration and Related States: Conditional Process Analyses within a Cross-Classified Writer × Reader Framework.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000094.
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This archiving of mystical awe: For summaries, see: Walter Stace’s excellent surveys of mysticism across religions. Stace, Walter T. Mysticism and Philosophy. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1960. Stace, Walter T. The Teachings of the Mystics. New York: Mentor, 1960.
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a largely religious emotion: Armstrong, Karen. The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions. New York: Alfred Knopf, 2006.
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Shakespeare’s plays, for example: Platt, Peter. Reason Diminished: Shakespeare and the Marvelous. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
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They would inspire American transcendentalists: For a deep study of the contributions of Margaret Fuller to nineteenth-century culture and our understanding of the transcendent, see: Popova, Maria. Figuring. New York: Pantheon Press, 2019.
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Chapter 4: Moral Beauty
“Over time”: Morrison, Toni. “Toni Morrison: ‘Goodness: Altruism and the Literary Imagination,’ ” New York Times, August 7, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/07/books/toni-morrison-goodness-altruism-literary-imagination.html.
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inmate-led restorative justice: For a summary of the application of restorative justice in prisons around the world, see: Johnstone, Gerry. “Restorative Justice in Prisons: Methods, Approaches and Effectiveness.” Report to the European Committee on Crime Problems, September 29, 2014. https://rm.coe.int/16806f9905. For some of the evidence concerning how RJ reduces victim anger and offender recidivism, see: McCullough, Michael E. Beyond Revenge: The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2008.
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“It ain’t a secret”: 2Pac. “Changes.” Greatest Hits. Amaru, Death Row, and Interscope Records, 1998.
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adverse childhood experiences: In your first eighteen years of life: 1. Did a parent or adult figure swear at you or humiliate you? 2. Did a parent or adult figure grab or hit you? 3. Did someone over the age of five touch you sexually? 4. Did you feel that people in your family did not love you or support one another? 5. Did you not have enough to eat or have to wear dirty clothes, or were your parents often too high or drunk to take you to a doctor when you needed one? 6. Were your parents separated or divorced? 7. Was your mother or stepmother punched, grabbed, thrown to the floor, or threatened with a gun or knife? 8. Was an adult family member addicted to alcohol or hard drugs? 9. Was an adult figure in your home depressed or did one suffer from other serious mental illness? 10. Did an adult figure in your home go to prison?
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dampening prospects and shortening lives: For an excellent review, see: Miller, Gregory E., Edith Chen, and Karen J. Parker. “Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving toward a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms.” Psychological Bulletin 137 (2011): 959–97. I review some of this evidence in Keltner, Dacher. The Power Paradox: How We Gain and Lose Influence. New York: Penguin Press, 2016.
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people who have less wealth: Piff, Paul K., and Jake P. Moskowitz. “Wealth, Poverty, and Happiness: Social Class Is Differentially Associated with Positive Emotions.” Emotion 18, no. 6 (2018): 902–5. In this study involving a nationally representative sample, low-income participants were more likely to report feeling more everyday love, compassion, and awe, and the well-to-do were more likely to feel pride and amusement.
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In our daily diary studies: Bai, Yang, Laura A. Maruskin, Serena Chen, Amie M. Gordon, Jennifer E. Stellar, Galen D. McNeil, Kaiping Peng, and Dacher Keltner. “Awe, the Diminished Self, and Collective Engagement: Universals and Cultural Variations in the Small Self.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 113, no. 2 (2017): 185–209.
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In solitary confinement: Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Edited by Roma Gill. 4th edition. Oxford School Shakespeare. London: Oxford University Press, 2001. For an illuminating treatment of the value of honor and how it plays out in an individual’s sense of morality and action, see: Nisbett, Richard E., and Dov Cohen. Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South (New Directions in Social Psychology). Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996.
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Underground Scholars Initiative: MacFarquhar, Larissa. “Building a Prison-to-School Pipeline.” New Yorker, December 4, 2016. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/12/the-ex-con-scholars-of-berkeley.
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these unlikely college students: Forty percent of the approximately 2 million incarcerated people in the United States don’t finish high school. About one in eight takes a shot at college, one-fourth the rate of the United States population as a whole.
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we find our moral compass: Jonathan Haidt transformed the study of morality by highlighting how our moral judgments are rooted in emotions like compassion and awe, and in how we communicate about these moral passions with others. Haidt, Jonathan. “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Taiclass="underline" A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment.” Psychological Review 108 (2001) 814–34. Haidt, Jonathan. “The Moral Emotions.” In Handbook of Affective Sciences, edited by Richard J. Davidson, Klaus R. Scherer, and H. H. Goldsmith, 852–70. London: Oxford University Press, 2003. Haidt, Jonathan. “The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology.” Science 316 (2007): 998–1002. Greene, Joshua, and Jonathan Haidt. “How (and Where) Does Moral Judgment Work?” Trends in Cognitive Science 6 (2002): 517–23. Haidt, Jonathan, and Jesse Graham. “When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions That Liberals May Not Recognize.” Social Justice Research 20 (2007): 98–116.