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editing a movie review: Algoe, Sara B., Patrick C. Dwyer, Ayana Younge, and Christopher Oveis. “A New Perspective on the Social Functions of Emotions: Gratitude and the Witnessing Effect.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 119, no. 1 (2019): 40–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000202.
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Others’ acts of reverence: For an explanation of such mimicry and imitation, see: Preston, Stephanie, and Frans de Waal. “Empathy: Its Ultimate and Proximate Bases.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25 (2002): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018.
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For those who’ve been subjugated: Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo, Geraldine Downey, Valerie J. Purdie, Angelina Davis, and Janina Pietrzak. “Sensitivity to Status-Based Rejection: Implications for African American Students’ College Experience.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002): 896–918. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-18351-009. Rheinschmidt-Same, Michelle, Neha A. John-Henderson, and Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton. “Ethnically-Based Theme House Residency and Expected Discrimination Predict Downstream Markers of Inflammation among College Students.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 8 (2017): 102–11.
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He is the only prisoner: Louis has a website at http://www.louisavilscott.com/.
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RJ is grounded: Hand, Carol A., Judith Hankes, and Toni House. “Restorative Justice: The Indigenous Justice System.” Contemporary Justice Review 15, no. 4 (2012): 449–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2012.734576. De Waal, Frans. Peacemaking among Primates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.
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a white prisoner named Chris: For Louis’s interview with Chris: “When Loyalty Is Misguided.” San Quentin Public Radio, June 3, 2015. https://www.kalw.org/post/sqpr-when-loyalty-misguided#stream/0.
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the blush is a manifestation: Keltner, Dacher. “The Signs of Appeasement: Evidence for the Distinct Displays of Embarrassment, Amusement, and Shame.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (1995): 441–54.
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Ashker v. Governor of California: “Ashker v. Governor of California.” Center for Constitutional Rights. Updated February 3, 2022. https://ccrjustice.org/home/what-we-do/our-cases/ashker-v-brown. Center for Constitutional Rights. “The United States Tortures before It Kills: An Examination of the Death Row Experience from a Human Rights Perspective.” Position paper, October 10, 2011, https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/assets/files/deathrow_torture_postition_paper.pdf.
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One inmate summed it up: Haney, Craig. “Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and ‘Supermax’ Confinement.” Crime & Delinquency 49 (2003): 124–56. Haney, Craig. “The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement: A Systematic Critique.” In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by Michael Tonry, 365–16. Vol. 47. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.
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how hard solitary was: Here is a video of Ashker talking about the SHU and his hunger strike. Thee L.A. Timez. “ALLEGED A.B. MEMBER TODD ASHKER INTERVIEW ON PELICAN BAY SOLITARY EFFECTS, HUNGER STRIKE AND SHU.” YouTube video, 36:47, February 25, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GuFwEKr5XOs.
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Chapter 5: Collective Effervescence
“Once the individuals are gathered”: Alexander, Jeffrey C., and Philip Smith, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Durkheim. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, 183.
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Burning Man: Ehrenreich, Barbara. Dancing in the Streets: A History of Collective Joy. New York: Holt, 2007.
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report suffering from loneliness: For a synthesis of statistics like these, see: Murthy, Vivek H. Together: The Healing Power of Human Connection in a Sometimes Lonely World. New York: HarperCollins, 2020.
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This dissolving of our sense: Eisenberger, Naomi I., and Matthew D. Lieberman. “Why Rejection Hurts: A Common Neural Alarm System for Physical and Social Pain.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (2004): 294–300.
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In his 1912 work: Durkheim, Émile. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: A Study in Religious Sociology. London; New York: G. Allen & Unwin; Macmillan, 1915.
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our social inhibitions: Zimbardo, Philip G. “The Human Choice: Individuation, Reason, and Order versus Deindividuation, Impulse, and Chaos.” In 1969 Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, edited by W. J. Arnold and D. Levine, 237–307. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970.
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Like ocean waves: Fisher, Len. The Perfect Swarm: The Science of Complexity in Everyday Life. New York: Basic Books, 2007. One striking discovery in this new science of moving in unison, or swarms, is how simple it is mathematically. For example, many forms of collective movement—birds in flight, herds of wildebeests running, humans walking in a parade or political march—are explained by a few simple principles: keep your distance constant to those moving in front of you and to the side of you, and orient toward the direction of where the person in front of you is going.
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heavy metal show: Silverberg, Jesse L., Matthew Bierbaum, James P. Sethna, and Itai Cohen. “Collective Motion of Humans in Mosh and Circle Pits at Heavy Metal Concerts.” Physical Review Letters 110 (May 31, 2013): 228701.
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four-month-olds mirror: Bernieri, Frank, and Rachel Rosenthal. “Coordinated Movement in Human Interaction.” In Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior, edited by R. S. Feldman and B. Rime, 401–32. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
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As adults, we mirror: Lakin, Jessica, Valerie Jefferis, Clara Cheng, and Tanya Chartrand. “The Chameleon Effect as Social Glue: Evidence for the Evolutionary Significance of Nonconscious Mimicry.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 27 (2003): 145–62. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025389814290.