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And greater humility: Van Cappellen, Patty, Maria Toth-Gauthier, Vassilis Saroglou, and Barbara L. Fredrickson. “Religion and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Positive Emotions.” Journal of Happiness Studies 17 (2016): 485–505. Van Cappellen, Patty, Maria Toth-Gauthier, Vassilis Saroglou, and Barbara L. Fredrickson. “Religiosity and Prosocial Behavior among Churchgoers: Exploring Underlying Mechanisms.” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 26 (2016): 19–30.
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Groups that cultivated these tendencies: Norenzayan, Ara, Azim Shariff, Will M. Gervais, Aiyana K. Willard, Rita A. McNamara, Edward Slingerland, and Joseph Henrich. “The Cultural Evolution of Prosocial Religions.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 39 (2015): e1. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X14001356.
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More intelligent design: Taves, Ann. Religious Experience Reconsidered: A Building-Block Approach to the Study of Religion and Other Special Things. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009. Norenzayan, Shariff, Gervais, Willard, McNamara, Slingerland, and Henrich. “The Cultural Evolution of Prosocial Religions.” Wilson, David S. Darwin’s Cathedraclass="underline" Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Bellah, Robert. Religion in Human Evolution: From the Paleolithic to the Axial Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
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The toxicities of communities: In his excellent book on morality, Joshua Greene suggests that such tribalism is the central moral problem facing our species today. Greene, Joshua. Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap between Us and Them. New York: Penguin Press, 2013.
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experiences with entheogens: Lee, Martin A., and Bruce Shlain. Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond. New York: Grove Press, 1985. Steven, Jay. Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream. New York: Grove Press, 1987. Pollan, Michael. How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us about Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence. New York: Penguin Press, 2019.
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After taking a small boat: It is interesting to speculate that this crab species’ signaling of vast size in its claw may stun other crabs into submission, thus elevating its own rank and chances of survival and reproduction. Perhaps this is an even deeper evolutionary origin of rudimentary awe than we have considered thus far, for example in Jane Goodall’s description of a chimpanzee’s behavior during the waterfall dance.
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scholars of mysticism: Hood, Ralph W., Jr., Ghorbani Nima, Paul J. Watson, Ahad F. Ghramaleki, Mark N. Bing, H. K. Davison, Ronald J. Morris, and W. P. Williamson. “Dimensions of the Mysticism Scale: Confirming the Three-Factor Structure in the United States and Iran.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40 (2001): 691–705. Hood’s measurement derived from reading Walter Stace’s excellent surveys of religious mysticism across religions: Stace, Walter T. Mysticism and Philosophy. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1960. Stace, Walter T. The Teachings of the Mystics. New York: Mentor, 1960.
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during times of transformation: Caspi, Avshalom, and Terrie E. Moffitt. “When Do Individual Differences Matter? A Paradoxical Theory of Personality Coherence.” Psychological Inquiry 4, no. 4 (1993): 247–71. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0404_1.
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People who are open: Connelly, Brian S., Deniz S. Ones, and Oleksandr S. Chernyshenko. “Introducing the Special Section on Openness to Experience: Review of Openness Taxonomies, Measurement, and Nomological Net.” Journal of Personality Assessment 96, no. 1 (2014): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.830620.
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The defining emotion of openness: Shiota, Michelle N., Dacher Keltner, and Oliver P. John. “Positive Emotion Dispositions Differentially Associated with Big Five Personality and Attachment Style.” Journal of Positive Psychology 1 (2006): 61–71.
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Bob Jesse quietly assisting: Griffiths, Roland R., William A. Richards, Una McCann, and Robert Jesse. “Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-Type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance.” Psychopharmacology 187, no. 3 (2006): 268–83; discussion 284–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5. Epub July 7, 2006. PMID: 16826400.
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Psychedelic experiences make us less: Hendricks, Peter J. “Classic Psychedelics: An Integrative Review of Epidemiology, Therapeutics, Mystical Experience, and Brain Network Function.” Pharmacology and Therapeutics 197 (2019): 83–102. Chi, Tingying, and Jessica A. Gold. “A Review of Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Drugs in the Treatment of Psychiatric Illnesses.” Journal of the Neurological Sciences 411 (2020): 116715. Johnson, Matthew W., Albert Garcia-Romeu, Mary P. Cosimano, and Roland R. Griffiths. “Pilot Study of the 5-HT2AR Agonist Psilocybin in the Treatment of Tobacco Addiction.” Journal of Psychopharmacology 28, no. 11: (2014): 983–92. Hendricks, Peter S., Christopher B. Thorne, C. B. Clark, David W. Coombs, and Matthew W. Johnson. “Classic Psychedelic Use Is Associated with Reduced Psychological Distress and Suicidality in the United States Adult Population.” Journal of Psychopharmacology 29, no. 3 (2015): 280–88.
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the magic ingredient is awe: Hendricks, Peter S. “Awe: A Putative Mechanism Underlying the Effects of Classic Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy.” International Review of Psychiatry 30, no. 4 (2018): 331–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1474185.
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psychedelics consistently deactivate the DMN: For relevant empirical work, see: Carhart-Harris, Robin L., et al. “Neural Correlates of the Psychedelic State as Determined by fMRI Studies with Psilocybin.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 6 (2012): 2138–43.