Bad Samaritans
The Myth of Free Trade
and the Secret History
of Capitalism
HA-JOON CHANG
To Hee-Jeong
Acknowledgements
The idea of writing an accessible book on globalization and development that is critical of the reigning orthodoxy first came from Duncan Green a few years ago. He convinced me that I have some unusual and interesting things to say on these topics and, therefore, that I should put them together for an audience that is much bigger than the one I usually write for. Initially, we were going to write the book together, combining his long-time experience as an NGO activist and my academic research, to produce something that has both a solid academic foundation and campaign flair. In the event, Duncan became the head of research at Oxfam and had to withdraw from the project due to his workload. But later, when I started to write the book on my own, he very kindly read all the chapters of the book (often more than one version of them) and provided me with insightful comments, both substantively and editorially. He also graciously put up with me ringing him up without warning to thrash out my ideas. I deeply thank him for his generosity, wisdom and patience.
When Duncan withdrew, the project lost its propeller and drifted rather aimlessly for a while. I became busy with other things and, more importantly, it was not easy to make the existence of my project known to the relevant publishers. Then Richard Toye kindly introduced me to Ivan Mulcahy, my literary agent. Ivan had a vision how to turn an undeveloped semi-academic treatise into a genuinely accessible book and taught me a lot of things in the art of writing for a wider audience. His colleague Jonathan Conway at Mulcahy & Viney also provided critical input in shaping the project.
In formulating the book, I benefited tremendously from discussions with Chris Cramer. He has always been a generous friend, but the intellectual energy he invested in helping me shape this book was exceptional even by his own high standards. Richard Toye not only introduced me to my literary agent but also provided very helpful comments on overall structure and some of the individual arguments of the book. Deepak Nayyar took time out from his busy schedule to go through my initial proposal and gave me a lot of sagacious comments. In developing the book, I have also benefited from discussions with Dean Baker, Jonathan di John, Barbara Harriss-White, Peter Nolan, Gabriel Palma, Bob Rowthorn, Ajit Singh, Rosemary Thorp, John Toye and Mark Weisbrot.
As I was writing the chapters, I received useful comments from a number of people. My sometime co-author, Ilene Grabel, read all the chapters and gave me very important feedback. Robert Molteno not only read all the chapters and gave me wonderful editorial advice but also provided useful comments. Peter Beattie, Shailaja Fennell, Elias Khalil, Amy Klatzkin, Kangkook Lee, Chris Pallas, Richard Schmale and Sarah Wood read earlier versions of some of the chapters and gave me helpful suggestions.
The book would not have had the richness of information without the help of three very able research assistants. Luba Fakrhutdinova was on call to provide help with all aspects of the book, especially data work. Hassan Akram excavated a lot of wonderful historical material for the culture chapter and also offered helpful comments on some of the other chapters. Ariane McCabe did a great job in finding material for a number of chapters, especially the chapter on intellectual property rights, on which she also provided useful comments. I would also like to thank Luiz de Andrade Filho and Kenia Parsons for their assistance.
I would also like to thank the editorial team at Bloomsbury Press for its marvellous job. Peter Ginna, the editorial director, provided critical inputs in the shaping of the earlier draft and insightful advice in the writing process. Katie Henderson, the assistant editor, facilitated the whole process with impeccable efficiency and dedication. Amy King and her team in the art department came up with a striking cover and Aly Mostel, the publicist, did a wonderful job in setting the stage for the launch of the book.
My daughter, Yuna, and son, Jin-Gyu – unknowingly – helped me come up with some of the key analogies in the book. They also patiently waited for my return from an emotional exile in the last phase of the book. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Hee-Jeong, for her emotional and intellectual support. Throughout the whole process of preparing for and writing the book, she had to put up with an obsessed and unpleasant man (yet again!). She also read most of the early draft chapters and made many incisive comments. She used to complain that I was using her as an intellectual guinea pig, but she does not quite realise how many of her comments were crucial in shaping, rather than just improving, my arguments. Without her, the book could not have been written. I dedicate the book to her.
PROLOGUE
Mozambique’s economic miracle
Mozambique Takes on the Big Boys
Nuts and volts June 28th 2061 | MAPUTO
From The Economist print edition
In a carefully staged event to coincide with the country’s independence day on June 25th, Maputo-based Tres Estrelas, the largest African business group outside South Africa, unveiled a breakthrough technology for mass production of hydrogen fuel cells. ‘When our new plant goes into production in the autumn of 2063,’ Mr Armando Nhumaio, the ebullient chairman of the company announced, ‘we will be able to take on the big boys from Japan and the USA by offering consumers much better value for money.’ Analysts agree that the new technology from Tres Estrelas means hydrogen fuel is set to replace alcohol as the main source of power for automobiles. ‘This is bound to pose a serious challenge to the leading alcohol fuel producers, like Petrobras of Brazil and Alconas of Malaysia,’ says Nelson Mbeki-Malan, the head of the prestigious Energy Economics Research Institute at the University of Western Cape, South Africa.
Tres Estrelas has made its own rocket-fuelled journey from humble beginnings. The company started out exporting cashew nuts in 1968, seven years before Mozambique’s independence from the Portuguese. It then did well by diversifying into textiles and sugar refining. Subsequently, it made a bolder move into electronics, first as a subcontractor for the Korean electronics giant, Samsung, and later as an independent producer. But an announcement in 2030 that hydrogen fuel cell production was to be its next venture generated considerable scepticism. ‘Everyone thought we were crazy,’ says Mr Nhumaio. ‘The fuel cell division bled money for 17 years. Luckily, in those days, we did not have many outside shareholders requiring instant results.We persisted in our belief that building a world-class firm requires a long period of preparation.’
The company’s rise symbolizes the economic miracle that is modern Mozambique. In 1995, three years after the end of its bloody 16-year civil war, Mozambique had a per capita income of only $80 and was literally the poorest economy in the world. With deep political divisions, rampant corruption and a sorry 33% literacy rate, its prospects ranged from dire to grim. In 2000, eight years after the end of the civil war, the average Mozambican still earned only $210 a year, just over half that of the average Ghanaian, who was earning $350. However, since then, Mozambique’s economic miracle has transformed it into one of the richest economies in Africa and a solid upper-middle-income country. With a bit of luck and sweat, it may even be able to join the ranks of the advanced economies in the next two or three decades.