BERLIN
Also by David Clay Large
Between Two Fires:
Europe’s Path in the 1930s
Germans to the Front:
West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era
The Politics of Law and Order:
A History of the Bavarian Einwohnerwehr
Where Ghosts Walked:
Munich’s Road to the Third Reich
BERLIN
David Clay Large
A Member of the Perseus Books Group
Copyright © 2000 by David Clay Large
Published by Basic Books,
A Member of the Perseus Books Group
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews, for information address Basic Books, 387 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016-8810.
Illustrations appear by permission of Archiv fur Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin; Archive Photos, New York; Bildarchiv preussicher Kulturbesitz, Berlin; Bundesarchiv, Berlin; Hoover Institution, Stanford, Calif.; Landesbildstelle, Berlin; Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung, Berlin; and Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin.
Designed by Heather Hutchison
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.
ISBN-10: 0-465-02632-X ISBN-13: 978-0-465-02632-6
ebook ISBN: 9780465010127
For Karl
ILLUSTRATIONS
(AKG = Archiv Für Kunst und Geschichte; BPK = Bilderarchiv preussicher Kulturbesitz; LBS = Landesbiltstelle; Ullstein = Ullstein Bilderdienst)
Berliner Dom (Berlin Cathedral) and Lustgarten, 1900 (LBS)
Kaiser Wilhelm I enters the Pariser Platz during the victory celebration in Berlin on June 16, 1871 (BPK)
Siegessäule, 1930 (LBS)
Reichstag, 1896 (LBS)
Bismarck with Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888 (BPK)
Gedächtniskirche (Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church), circa 1930 (LBS)
Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDaWe), 1910 (LBS)
Siegesallee, circa 1903 (LBS)
The Iron Rolling Milclass="underline" Modern Cyclops by Adolf von Menzel (BPK)
Käthe Kollwitz, circa 1905 (AKG)
Preparations for the Berlin Secession exhibition in 1904 (Bundesarchiv)
Ludwig Meidner, Apocalyptic Landscape, 1913 (Los Angeles County Museum of Art)
Bahnhof Friedrichstrasse, circa 1900 (LBS)
Hotel Adlon, 1914 (LBS)
Magnus Hirschfeld, founder of the Institute for Sexual Research (LBS)
Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, 1909 (Ullstein)
Kaiser Wilhelm II proclaims war from a balcony of the Royal Palace, August 1, 1914 (BPK)
Berliners admire a model trench in a local park, 1915 (BPK)
Hungry Berliners carve up a horse cadaver, 1918 (BPK)
Elephants from the Berlin Zoo pressed into service during World War I (Ullstein)
Claire Waldoff, Berlin’s favorite cabaret artist (LBS)
The “Iron Hindenburg” statue on the Königsplatz (LBS)
Soldiers returning from the front march through the Brandenburg Gate, December 1918 (BPK)
Revolutionaries man a machine gun atop the Brandenburg Gate, January 1919 (LBS)
An armored truck belonging to the Kapp forces, March 1920 (BPK)
Gustav Böss, governing mayor of Berlin, 1921–1930 (LBS)
Walther Rathenau in 1921, a year before his assassination (LBS)
Money being transported to a Berlin bank during the Great Inflation, 1923 (BPK)
German children demonstrating that it takes 100,000 marks to buy one U.S. dollar in early 1923 (Author collection)
Jews in Berlin’s Scheunenviertel, 1929 (LBS)
Romanisches Café, 1925 (LBS)
Bertolt Brecht, circa 1925 (LBS)
A scene from The Cabinet of Doctor Caligari, directed by Robert Wiene (BPK)
Fritz Lang, photographed in 1945 (AKG)
A scene from Lang’s Metropolis, 1925/26 (BPK)
The First International Dada Fair, Berlin, 1920 (BPK)
The Haller Review at Berlin’s Admiralspalast (BPK)
Kempinski Haus Vaterland on the Potsdamer Platz (AKG)
Erich Mendelsohn’s “Einstein Tower,” Potsdam, 1924 (LBS)
Elevated train at Gitschiner Strasse, 1930 (BPK)
Josephine Baker in her famous “banana skirt” (AKG)
Kurt Tucholsky (AKG)
George Grosz, Selbstporträt (Self-portrait), 1928 (AKG)
Alfred Döblin (LBS)
Joseph Goebbels, Berlin’s Gauleiter, 1932 (BPK)
W. H. Auden, Christopher Isherwood, and Stephen Spender, 1930 (National Portrait Gallery, London)
Marlene Dietrich as Lola Lola in The Blue Angel, 1929 (BPK)
Franz von Papen at a governmental ceremony, August 1932 (BPK)
An unemployed man sifts through garbage in search of food, 1930 (BPK)
Reichstag president Hermann Göring and two Nazi parliamentary deputies, 1932 (BPK)
Nazi torchlight parade, January 30, 1933 (LBS)
The Reichstag on fire, February 27, 1933 (LBS)
Hitler with President Hindenburg at the “Day of Potsdam,” March 21, 1933 (AKG)
Nazi-orchestrated book-burning on Berlin’s Opernplatz, May 10, 1933 (AKG)
Leni Riefenstahl directing The Triumph of the Will (BPK)
Wilhelm Fürtwangler and Richard Strauss, 1936 (BPK)
SA man warning Berliners not to patronize a Jewish-owned shop during the Jewish boycott of April 1, 1933 (LBS)
Runner carrying the Olympic Torch through the Brandenburg Gate, 1936 (LBS)
The German State Library on Unter den Linden decked out for Berlin’s 700th anniversary celebration (BPK)
Model of Hitler’s planned north-south axis, including the Arch of Triumph and the domed Hall of the People (LBS)
The Reich Air Ministry Building (Göring’s headquarters), 1937 (BPK)
Burned-out interior of the Fasanenstrasse Synagogue in the wake of the Night of the Broken Glass (BPK)
The exterior of Hitler’s New Chancellery, designed by Albert Speer, 1939 (LBS)
Hitler’s study in the New Chancellery (LBS)
German troops parade through the Brandenburg Gate following the defeat of France, July 18, 1940 (AKG)
The flak tower in the Tiergarten, photographed in 1945 (LBS)
Camouflage netting on the East-West Axis (formerly Charlottenburger Chaussee, currently Strasse des 17. Juni), 1941 (AKG)
The Villa Wannsee, site of the Wannsee Conference, January 20, 1942 (LBS)
Inmates at Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 1943 (BPK)
A ruined block of houses in Neue Winterfeldstrasse, 1944 (LBS)
Members of the Volksturm in a maneuver near Potsdam, 1944 (BPK)
Marshal Zhukov in Berlin, 1945 (BPK)
Red Army soldier posing with Soviet flag on the roof of the Reichstag, May 2, 1945 (BPK)
Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel and Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedenburg at the German surrender, Karlshorst, May 9, 1945 (BPK)
An American soldier poses on a flak gun in front of the destroyed Reichstag, 1945 (BPK)
Marlene Dietrich and Jean Arthur in a scene from Billy Wilder’s A Foreign Affair, 1948 (Ullstein)
A Russian soldier relieves a Berlin woman of her bicycle (BPK
Russian street signs in the ruins of Berlin, 1945 (LBS)
Central Berlin in ruins, 1945 (BPK)
Trümmerfrauen (rubble women) at work, 1946 (LBS)