for their freedom: See Tom Bower, The Pledge Betrayed (New York, 1982); and Bower, The Paperclip Conspiracy: The Battle for the Spoils and Secrets of Nazi Germany (London, 1987).
applicants too closely: Clare, Before the Wall, 47.
"the German renewal": Quoted in Wolfgang Schivelbusch, In a Cold Crater. Cultural and Intellectual Life in Berlin 1945–1948 (Berkeley, 1988), 63.
"in the next twenty years": Quoted in Dalichow and Geiss, eds., Filmstadt Babelsberg, 67.
"Hit or miss": Clare, Before the Wall, 82.
mood of the Berliners: See Joseph Hoppe, "Frolic at Five—Mehr als ein Soldatensender," in Tamara Domentat, ed., Coca-Cola, Jazz und AFN. Berlin unddie Amerikaner (Berlin 1985), 118–127.
RIAS: See Herbert Kundler, RIAS Berlin. Eine Radio-Station in einer geteilten Stadt (Berlin, 1994).
Free University: See James F. Tent, "The Free University of Berlin: A German Experiment in Higher Education 1948–1961," in Jeffrey M. Diefendorf, et al., eds., American Policy and the Reconstruction of West Germany, 1945–1955 (New York, 1993), 237–256.
"all the greater": Quoted in Schivelbusch, Cold Crater, 30.
"on cultural directives"; "cultural axis": Quoted in ibid., 31.
"nothing to begin from": Spender, European Witness, 236.
"Stay here!": Quoted in Shirakawa, Devil’s Music Master, 340.
"can say as much?": Quoted in Taylor, Berlin and Its Culture, 291.
"cherished by all peoples": Berlin Wirbt!, 23.
"more alive than Paris": Quoted in Schivelbusch, Cold Crater, 22.
flee back to America: Fritz Kortner, Aller Tage Abend (Munich, 1959), 560.
Brecht complaint: "Ein Ort für die Ewigkeit," Der Tagesspiegel, Sept. 1, 1994.
"noise": Suhrkamp to Kracauer, Jan. 30, 1946. Quoted in Schivelbusch, Cold Crater, 23. .
"will not last": Furtwängler to Helmut Grohe, Feb. 12, 1947. Quoted in ibid.
"charred remains": Elisabeth Langgässer, quoted in ibid.
"golden hunger years": For a survey of this period, see Hans Borgelt, Das war der Früling von Berlin (Munich, 1980).
"saddle on a cow": Anne McElvoy, The Saddled Cow (London, 1993).
fusion of east-SPD and KPD: Naimark, Russians in Berlin, 275–284.
"Russian lovers": Andreas-Friedrich, Battleground Berlin, 136.
"people just disappeared": Clare, Before the Wall, 229.
Stalin’s plans for Germany: See R. C. Raack, "Stalin Plans His Post-War Germany," Journal of Contemporary History 28 (1993), 53073, especially 62–63; Dietrich Staritz, "The SED, Stalin, and the German Question: Interests and Decision-Making in Light of New Sources," German History 10 (1992), 274–289, especially 277. For a recent study of Germany in the Gold War, see W. R. Smyser, From Yalta to Berlin. The Cold War Struggle over Germany (New York, 1999).
"routine questions"; "dramatic suddenness": Quoted in David Clay Large, "The Great Rescue," Military History Quarterly (Spring 1997), 16.
lair of the Bear: See Charles F. Pennacchio, "The East German Communists and the Origins of the Berlin Crisis," East European Quarterly 24 (September, 1995), 292–313.
"pyramids of skulls": Frank L. Howley, Berlin Command (New York, 1950), 197.
leakiest blockade: William Stivers, "The Incomplete Blockade: Soviet Zone Supply of West Berlin, 1948–49," Diplomatic History 21:4 (Fall 1997), 569–602.
"fight for freedom"; "full of danger": Quoted in Large, "Rescue," 17.
"no time at all"; "hell of a fix"; "air strength"; "as it developed": Quoted in ibid., 17–18.
"you beat him"; "relieve the distress"; "when birds walked"; "blockade is ended": Quoted in ibid., 18–20.
"Russians the airlift"; "trains are moving": Quoted in ibid., 20–21.
"Americans against the Russians": Quoted in Volker Koop, Kein Kampf um Berlin? Deutsche Politik zur Zeit der Berlin Blokade 1948/49 (Bonn, 1988), 13.
Berlin after alclass="underline" Ibid.
"enemy of the sea": Quoted in Dennis L. Bark and David R. Gress, A History of West Germany. Vol. 1: From Shadow to Substance (Oxford, 1989), 321.
"Mongolian": Arnulf Baring, Aussenpolitik in Adenauers Kanzlerdemokratie (Munich, 1969), 53.
"a pagan city": Quoted in Reiner Pommerin, Von Berlin nach Bonn, 45.
"east is occupied"; "[Wilhelm Hoegner]": Quoted in ibid., 47, 51.
"deference to reality": John Le Carré, A Small Town in Germany (New York, 1983), 17.
"mission in a cornfield": Quoted in Michael Z. Wise, Capital Dilemma. Germany’s Search for a New Architecture of Democracy (New York, 1988), 24.
"it was a beginning": Quoted in ibid., 23.
East Berlin street names: See Maoz Azaryahu, "Street Names and Identity: The Case of East Berlin," Journal of Contemporary History 21:4 (October 1986), 581–604; Dirk Verheyen, "What’s in a Name? Street Name Politics and Urban Identity in Berlin," German Politics and Society 15:3 (Fall 1997), 44–72.
also very poor: See Günter Braun, "Der Wiederaufbau Berlins—Eine Stadt auf dem Weg zu neuen Aufgaben," in Industrie und Handelskammer zu Berlin, ed., Berlin undseine Wirtschaft (Berlin, 1987), 223–230.
"engagement of Bonn for Berlin": Quoted in Windsor, City on Leave, 135.
building rivalry: See Bruno Flierl, Berlin baut um—Wessen Stadt wird die Stadt? (Berlin, 1998), 27; Josef Paul Kleihues, "From the Destruction to the Critical Reconstruction of the City: Urban Design in Berlin after 1945," in Kleihues and Rathgeber, eds., Berlin/New York, 395–409.
a utopian dream: See Jeffry M. Diefendorf, In the Wake of War. The Reconstruction of German Cities after World War II (New Yotk, 1993), 191–194; Ladd, Ghosts of Berlin, 177–178.
"national consciousness of the people": Quoted in Jörn Düwel, "Berlin: Planen im Kalten Krieg," in Marita Gleiss, ed., 1945, Kriegs, Zerstorung, Aufbau: Architecten und Stadtplanung 1940–1960 (Berlin, 1995), 208.
Stalinallee: See Ladd, Ghosts of Berlin, 181–188; Tilo Köhler, Unser die Strasse—Unser der Sieg. Die Stalinalle (Berlin, 1993).
in Western hands: "Zuhause unter Fremden," Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 17/18, 1999.
"can find expression": Quoted in Ladd, Ghosts of Berlin, 56.
"unglorious past": Quoted in Wise, Capital Dilemma, 43.
"point for German reunification": Quoted in Cullen, Reichstag, 403.
cultural barbarism: Wolf Jobst Siedler, Die gemordete Stadt (Berlin, 1978); "Scheußliche neue Schönheit," SüddeutscheZeitung, Aug. 24/25, 1985.
Hansavierteclass="underline" Ladd, Ghosts of Berlin, 188–189; Kleihues, "From the Destruction," 399–400.
"shown in our city": "Als die Welt noch überschaubar war," Der Tagesspiegel, June 6, 1999.
"all the horrors began": Ibid.
expelled from their homes: On the border installations, see David Shears, The Ugly Frontier (New York, 1970).
emigration from the GDR: See David E. Murphy, Sergei A. Kondrashev, and George Bailey, Battleground Berlin. CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War (New Haven, Conn., 1997), 156.