166. “Russia Sends 24 Warships, Bombers to Baltic Drills as NATO Stages War Games,” RT, 12 June 2014, http://rt.com/news/165464-russia-baltic-drills-nato/.
167. “Iron Sword 2014: NATO Stages Massive Military Drill in Lithuania,” RT, 3 November 2014, http://rt.com/news/201771-lithuania-iron-sword-wargame/.
168. “NATO Foreign Ministers Announce Interim Spearhead Force,” NATO/OTAN. 2 December 2014, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_115552.htm; Julian Borger, “Nato Will Establish Rapid Reaction Force to Counter Perceived Threat of Russian Aggression,” The Guardian, 5 February 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/05/nato-rapid-reaction-force-counter-russia-ukraine.
169. Agnia Grigas, “The Media Has Swallowed Five Russian Myths that Have Helped Putin Win in Ukraine,” forbes.com, 17 September 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/09/17/the-media-has-swallowed-five-russian-myths-that-have-helped-putin-win-in-ukraine/; Anne Applebaum, “Nationalism Is Exactly What Ukraine Needs,” newrepublic.com, 12 May 2014, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/117505/ukraines-only-hope-nationalism.
CHAPTER 6. STATE BUILDING AND SHIFTING LOYALTIES
Epigraph: Cited in Fiona Hill and Pamela Jewett, “Back in the USSR: Russia’s Intervention in the Internal Affairs of the Former Soviet Republics and the Implications for United States Policy Toward Russia” (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Ethnic Conflict Project, January 1994), p. 37, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2014/03/back_in_the_ussr_1994_hill_jewett/back_in_the_ussr_1994.pdf.
1. Martha Brill Olcott, “Central Asia’s Catapult to Independence,” Foreign Affairs, Summer 1992, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/47979/martha-brill-olcott/central-asias-catapult-to-independence.
2. Marlene Laruelle, “Russia in Central Asia: Old History, New Challenges,” EUCAM Working Paper No. 3, September 2009, http://www.ceps.eu/publications/russia-central-asia-old-history-new-challenges.
3. “GDP Per Capita 2013,” worldbank.org, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD.
4. Edward Schatz and Elena Maltseva, “Kazakhstan’s Authoritarian ‘Persuasion,’” Post-Soviet Affairs 28, no. 1 (2012): 45–65.
5. “N. Nazarbayev: Poka my byli koloniyey Rossii—yedva ne lishilis’ svoikh,” TsentrAsia, 14 October 2012, http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1350219540.
6. “Zayavleniye dlya pressy po itogam foruma mezhregional’nogo sotrudnichestva mezhdu Rossiyey i Kazakhstanom,” Informatsionno-Analiticheskiy Tsentr, 12 November 2013, http://www.ia-centr.ru/publications/16960/.
7. Marlene Laruelle and Sebastien Peyrouse, Globalizing Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Challenges of Economic Development (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2013), pp. 128–30.
8. Neil J. Melvin, Uzbekistan: Transition to Authoritarianism on the Silk Road (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000), p. 43.
9. Alexey Malashenko, “Uzbekistan: What Changes Can Be Expected,” Carnegie Moscow Center Briefing 14, no. 5 (December 2012): http://carnegieendowment.org/files/MalashenkoBriefing_14-5-12_eng_uz.pdf; Wojciech Ostrowski, “Rentierism, Dependency and Sovereignty in Central Asia” in Sovereignty After Empire: Comparing the Middle East and Central Asia, ed. Sally N. Cummings and Raymond Hinnebusch (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), p. 298.
10. Andrei Kolesnikov, “Vyvod fanatizma iz regiona,” Kommersant, 16 April 2013, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2171124; Andrei Kolesnikov, “S chuvstvom vycherknutogo dolga,” Kommersant, 11 December 2014, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2630128.
11. “Uzbekistan prizval uchityvat’ interesy RF v ukrainskom konflikte,” RIA, 12 September 2014, http://ria.ru/politics/20140912/1023791209.html.
12. “Rossiya yavlyaetsya osnovnym strategicheskim partnerom Kyrgyzstana—Almazbek Atambayev,” Trend, 1 December 2011, http://www.trend.az/casia/kyrgyzstan/1963950.html.
13. Annette Bohr, “Revolution in Kyrgyzstan—Again,” REP Programme Paper 03/10 Chatham House, April 2010, p. 4, http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/109326.
14. Sebastien Peyrouse, Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2012), p. 222.
15. Alexander Cooley, Great Games, Local Rules: The New Great Power Contest in Central Asia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 204.
16. “Berdymukhamedov: Rossiya i Kitay—strategicheskiye partnery Turkmenistana,” Vestnik Kavkaza, 12 December 2014, http://www.vestikavkaza.ru/news/Berdymukhamedov-Rossiya-i-Kitay-strategicheskie-partnery-Turkmenistana.html.
17. Barbara A. West, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, vol. 2/2 (New York: Facts on File, 2009), p. 770.
18. Jim Nichol, “Tajikistan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests,” Congressional Research Service, 25 September 2013, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/98-594.pdf.
19. Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan in the Kyrgyz Republic, “Rakhmon: Rossiya—glavnyi strategicheski partner Tadzhikistana,” 17 April 2012, http://www.tajikemb.kg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1314&Itemid=67.
20. See Sebastien Peyrouse, “The Russian Minority in Central Asia: Migration, Politics, and Language,” Kennan Institute Occasional Paper 297, Washington, DC, 2008, pp. 3–5, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OP297_russian_minority_central_asia_peyrouse_2008.pdf.
21. Interview with Sebastian Peyrouse, Washington D.C., February 2015.
22. Olga Altynbekova, “Migratsia v Kazakhstane: Novyi status russkogo yazyka,” Demoscop Weekly, 19 June 2006, http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/analit05.php.