180. Ibid, pp. 76–79.
181. Dmitri Trenin, The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and Globalization (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2002), pp. 189–90.
182. Olcott, Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise, p. 79.
183. Dmitriy Starostin, “Viktor Kazimirchuk: Nas khoteli pokazatel’no udavit,’” Moskovskiye novosti 47 (8 December 2006): 12–13, http://www.arba.ru/news/870/.
184. “Kazakhstanskiye kazaki khotyat borot’sya za Krym?” Kursivkz, 28 February 2014, http://www.kursiv.kz/news/details/obshestvo/Kazahstanskie-kazaki-hotyat-borotsya-za-Krym/.
185. Joanna Lillis, “Kazakhstan: Russians Blend Loyalty to Nazarbayev with Pro-Kremlin Sentiments,” Eurasianet.org, 14 April 2014, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68270.
186. “Kazakhstan uzhestochayet nakazaniye za separatizm,” Newsru.ua, 9 April 2014, http://rus.newsru.ua/world/09apr2014/kazasepar.html.
187. Elena Korotrkova, “Eduard Limonov prizyvayet Rossiyu k okkupatsii severa Kazakhstana,” News-Asia, 20 February 2014, http://www.news-asia.ru/view/5948.
188. “Posol RF: zayavleniye o vozmozhnosti prisoyedineniya severa RK k Rossii—bespochvenno,” inform.kz, 24 February 2014, http://www.inform.kz/rus/article/2633733.
189. “V Rossii zagovorili o prisoyedinenii Vostochnogo Kazakhstana. Astana obespokoyena,” Newsru.ua, 11 April 2014, http://rus.newsru.ua/world/11apr2014/vostokazahstan.html.
190. “MID Respubliki Kazakhstan otreagiroval na rech’ Shtygasheva,” Kapital, 11 April 2014, http://kapital.kz/gosudarstvo/28852/mid-rk-otreagirovalo-na-rech-shtygasheva.html.
191. “V MID Rossii nazvali bezotvetsvennymi vyskazyvaniya regionalnykh politikov o Kazakhstane,” Tengri News, 11 April 2014, http://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/mid-rossii-nazvali-bezotvetstvennyimi-vyiskazyivaniya-253494/.
192. “Vladimir Zhirinovskiy: ‘Posle Ukrainy my zakhvatim Kazakhstan,’” Haqqin.az, 29 August 2014, http://haqqin.az/news/29045.
193. Interview with Nargis Kassenova, 1 January 2015, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
194. Kathleen Collins, Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009); Edward Schatz, Modern Clan Politics: The Power of “Blood” in Kazakhstan and Beyond (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2004); Eric McGlinchey, Chaos, Violence, Dynasty: Politics and Islam in Central Asia (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011).
195. Olcott, Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise, pp. 186–87; Bhavna Dave, Kazakhstan: Ethnicity, Language and Power (London: Routledge, 2007).
CHAPTER 7. ALLIES OR TARGETS?
Epigraphs: Interview with Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, cited in Robin Sheperd, “The United States and Europe’s Last Dictatorship,” in Prospects for Democracy in Belarus, ed. Joerg Forbrig et al. (Washington: GMF, 2006), p. 74; Emil Danielyan, “Ex–Russian Envoy Warns Armenia Over European Integration Drive,” Azatutyun.am, 8 July 2013, http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/25040228.html.
1. Pyotr Kravchenko, Belarus na Rasputiye, ili Pravda o belovezhskom soglashenii: Zapiski diplomata i politika (Moscow: Vremiya, 2006), pp. 297, 305.
2. Laure Delcour, “Faithful But Constrained? Armenia’s Half-Hearted Support for Russia’s Regional Integration Policies in the Post-Soviet Space,” London School of Economics Ideas: Geopolitics of Eurasian Integration, 2014, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2460335.
3. Interview with Vytis Jurkonis, 13 December 2014, Vilnius, Lithuania.
4. Andrew Wilson, Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), p. 51; Jovita Pranevičiūtė-Neliupšienė et al., Belarusian Regime Longevity: Happily Ever After (Vilnius: Vilnius University Press, 2014), p. 67.
5. Vytis Jurkonis, “Fate and Role of the Belarusian Language” in Pranevičiūtė-Neliupšienė et al., Belarusian Regime Longevity, pp. 81–84.
6. Kathleen J. Mihalisko, “Belarus: Retreat to Authoritarianism,” in Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova, ed. Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 233.
7. Jurkonis interview.
8. Valiancin Akudovič, Nesaties kodas (Vilnius: Versus Aureus, 2008).
9. Alexander Lukashenko, State of the Nation Address to the Belarusian people and the National Assembly, 22 April 2014, http://president.gov.by/en/news_en/view/alexander-lukashenko-to-deliver-state-of-the-nation-address-on-22-april-8550/.
10. More information at http://budzma.by.
11. Interview with Roman Yakovlevsky, January 2015, Minsk, Belarus.
12. Interview with Hovhannes Nikoghosyan, 10 December 2014, Yerevan, Armenia.
13. Rossiyskiy tsentr nauki i kultury v Yerevane, “Armyano-rossiyskiye otnosheniya,” http://arm.rs.gov.ru/node/406.
14. Ohannes Geukjian, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2012).
15. Thomas de Waal, Black Garden (New York: New York University Press, 2003), pp. 116–18.
16. Ibid, p. 162.
17. Nikoghosyan interview.
18. Peter Pry, War Scare: Russia and America on the Nuclear Brink (Westport: Greenwood, 1999), pp. 122–25.
19. “Dogovor mezhdu Rossiyskoy Federatsiyey i Respublikoy Armeniya o rossiyskoy voyennoy baze na territorii Respubliki Armeniya,” 16 March 1995, http://docs.cntd.ru/document/901933348.
20. Interview with Emil Sanamyan, January 2015, Washington, DC.
21. De Waal, Black Garden, p. 202.
22. Thomas de Waal, The Caucasus: An Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 116.
23. National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, Population Census 2009, http://belstat.gov.by/en/perepis-naseleniya/perepis-naseleniya-2009-goda/.
24. Oleg Manaev, ed., The Future of Belarus: The Perspective of Independent Experts (St. Petersburg: Nevskii prostor, 2012), p. 36.
25. National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia, 2011 Armenian Nationwide Census, http://armstat.am/file/doc/99478358.pdf.
26. Interview with Artyom, November 2014, Yerevan, Armenia.