156. Nikoghosyan interview.
157. Sanamyan interview.
CONCLUSION
Epigraph: R. J. W. Evans and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, eds., The Coming of the First World War (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001), p. 120.
1. Alexander J. Motyl, “The Surrealism of Realism: Misreading the War in Ukraine,” World Affairs (January–February 2015), http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/surrealism-realism-misreading-war-ukraine; John J. Mearsheimer, “Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault: The Liberal Delusions That Provoked Putin,” Foreign Affairs, September–October 2014, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/141769/john-j-mearsheimer/why-the-ukraine-crisis-is-the-wests-fault; Noam Chomsky, “Ossetia-Russia-Georgia,” chomsky.info, 9 September 2008, http://www.chomsky.info/articles/200809—2.htm; Andrei Tsygankov, “The High Cost of Ignoring Russia in Ukraine,” Moscow Times, 28 February 2014, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/the-high-cost-of-ignoring-russia-in-ukraine/495336.html.
2. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1978).
3. Fabio Belafatti, “Orientalism Reanimated: Colonial Thinking in Western Analysts’ Comments on Ukraine,” EuroMaidan, 27 October 2014, http://euromaidanpress.com/2014/10/27/western-commentators-should-rid-themselves-of-old-prejudices-dating-back-from-the-age-of-colonialism-before-commenting-on-eastern-european-affairs/.
INDEX
Abkhazia, 28, 53–55, 107, 114, 133–34, 244, 252, 254
compatriot policies, 90, 116–17
energy policy, 113
information warfare, 124–26
passportization, 43, 83, 119–20
peacekeeping in, 115–16
protection, 129–31
Russian speakers, 105
Akayev, Askar, 175
annexation, 9, 27, 53–56, 97–98, 132–33, 256
of Crimea, 92, 123–24, 127, 129, 160
threat in Abhkazia and South Ossetia, 133–34
threat in Baltic States, 162
threat in Northern Kazakhstan, 207
threat in Transnistria, 133
Armenia, 18–19, 23, 108, 197, 211–12, 242–43, 248–50
history of, 211–12, 214
information warfare, 234–36
passportization, 41, 231–33
protection, 238–39
and Russian interests, 220–22
Russian speakers, 215–18
soft power, 226–29
Armenian Apostolic Church, 33, 226
ArmRosGasProm, 222
Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, 194
Association Agreement with the EU, 19
of Armenia, 234–35, 249
of Moldova, 113
of Ukraine, 108, 236
Atambayev, Almazbek, 175, 186
Atasu-Alashankou pipeline, 187
Atyrau-Samara pipeline, 187
Azerbaijan, 10, 113, 175, 187, 224
and Armenia, 211–12, 214–15, 221, 227, 234–35, 238–39
Baikonur Cosmodrome, 185
Bakiyev, Kurmanbek, 175, 203–4
Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, 20, 107, 187
Baltic Pipeline System-2, 223
Baltic States, 10, 20, 23, 31, 56, 63, 245–46
citizenship policies of, 42
compatriot policies, 69, 71, 73, 93
history of, 49, 66, 213
information warfare, 245
passportization, 42, 199
provocations, 22
and Russian interests, 17, 19, 35, 50
Russian speakers, 252. See also Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Baranovichi radar system, 222
Belarus, 10, 18, 23, 173, 211–12, 243, 248–51
compatriot policies, 229
history of, 212–14
humanitarian policies, 229
information warfare, 233–34
passportization, 230
protection, 236–38
and Russian interests, 222–24
Russian speakers, 215–16, 218–20
soft power, 225–26, 238
Berdymukhamedov, Gurbanguly, 176, 196, 199
Black Sea Fleet, 6, 25, 127, 147, 193
Burutin, Alexander, 125
Bush, George W., 8
Caspian Pipeline Consortium, 187, 191
Caucasus, 17, 64, 107
North Caucasus, 99, 107. See also Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
Central Asia. See Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Central Asia Center (CAC) pipeline, 187, 191
Chechnya, 18, 107, 254
China, 18, 20, 25, 47, 172, 176, 184, 187, 248, 254
Churkin, Vitaly, 54, 131
Cold War, 1, 6–8, 13, 36, 42, 211, 254–55
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 175, 186, 196, 221
“color” revolutions, 19, 95, 224
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 15, 19–20, 31, 38, 41, 69, 71, 79, 87–88, 106, 115, 152, 184, 173, 196, 221
Collective Peacekeeping Force, 192
compatriot policies, 92–93
in Belarus, 229
definition of, 57–60
in Estonia, 154–56
in Georgia, 116–17
and identification (ID) cards, 74, 89
in Kazakhstan, 193–95, 197–98
in Kyrgyzstan, 195–96, 198
in Latvia, 158–60
in Lithuania, 160–62
in Moldova, 117–18
under Putin, 75–92
in Tajikistan, 193, 196–98
in Turkmenistan, 196
in Ukraine, 118–19
in Uzbekistan, 196–97
under Yeltsin, 65–75
Congress of Russian Communities, 43, 118
Cossacks community, 40, 111, 195, 202, 205, 207
Crimea, 1, 19, 34, 39, 43, 73, 98, 132, 241, 244
annexation (see annexation, of Crimea)
history of, 6, 53, 101
passportization, 120–21
soft power, 111–12
Crimean Tatars, 62–63, 101, 195–96
Khanate, 94, 101, 188
Croatia, 59, 109
cyber attacks, 47, 55, 124
in Estonia, 164
in Georgia, 125
against NATO, 123
in Ukraine, 123
Daugavpils, 159
Dauletabad-Khangiran pipeline, 187
d’Encausse, Hélène Carrère, 13
distributed denial of service (DDoS), 48, 126
Donbas, 39, 54, 101
Donetsk, 35, 101, 109–10, 116, 123, 128, 132, 242
People’s Republic, 54, 95, 118, 128, 244, 253
Doyle, Michael, 12, 18
Druzhba pipeline, 109
dual citizenship, 41, 67, 72, 77, 92–93
in Armenia, 231–33
in Belarus, 230
in Kazakhstan, 199–200, 205
in Tajikistan, 41, 73, 198, 208
in Turkmenistan, 73, 198
in Ukraine, 121
Dugin, Alexander, 126, 207
Dyukov, Alexander, 49–50
eastern Kazakhstan, 194, 203
eastern Ukraine, 21, 34, 39, 52, 54, 92, 95, 98, 101, 109–10, 116, 127–28, 166, 170, 233, 241
empire, 4, 7–8, 108, 218, 241
definition of, 12–16. See also Romanov Empire, Russian Empire, Soviet empire, Tsarist Russia