Finally I would like to thank Mary O'Conner Spinner and my grandparents, Sydell and Abraham Bockstein and Harry and Dora Sontag. I wish they could have read this hook. I will miss them forever.
We also would like first and foremost to thank our parents, brothers and sisters and other relatives. Chris's parents, Leon and Helen Drew; his sisters, Cynthia Drew and Laura Bussey; Laura's husband, David, and daughter, Chelsea; and Jane Stevens provided constant love and support. Annette's mother, Maxine S. Lawrence, a gifted researcher in her own right, showed her enormous love and patience-and was always ready to sympathize and offer encouragement. Annette's brothers and sisters and their spouses, Mark and Catherine Lawrence, John and Priscilla Lawrence, Paul and Mary-Elise Lawrence Soniat, and Betsy Lawrence all offered support and encouragement throughout this long process, and one of Annette's aunts, Irma M. Stiegler, cheerfully volunteered to spend days microfilming old news articles for us in a public library. And a note of thanks to my deceased father, John W. Lawrence, who strived for excellence in all things; he set a wonderful example.
Chris also would particularly like to thank top editors at the New York Times Joseph Lelyveld, Bill Keller, John M. Geddes, Allen M. Siegal, Soma Golden Behr, Dean Baguet, Glenn Kramon, Joyce Purnick, Matt Purdy and Stephen Engelberg-for providing the flexibility he needed at crucial moments to help see this project through. Others at the Times- Jeff Gerth, Michael Wines, Steven Erlanger, Philip Shenon, Don Van Natta, Lizette Alvarez, Lora Korbut, Timothy L. O'Brien and Adam Liptak-were helful as well.
Chris and Sherry first got interested in submarine spying when Chris coordinated the reporting on a series of articles for the Chicago Tribune that began to peel away the secrecy surrounding these missions. That series was published jointly in January 1991 by the Tribune and its sister paper, the Newport News Daily Press, which had ample interest in the subject given its proximity to Newport News ship building, one of the country's largest submarine construction yards. Michael L. Millenson, then a Tribune reporter, and Robert Becker, then the Washington correspondent of the Daily Press and now a Tribune reporter, also devoted themselves to the project, and Jill Olmsted, Ruth Lopez, Mary Ann Akers, and Linda Harrigan handled some of the research. Nicholas M. Horrock, then the Tribune's assistant managing editor for Washington news, and Jack W. Davis Jr., the president and publisher of the Daily Press, oversaw the effort, both as wonderful friends and two of America's finest teachers of investigative reporting. Jack and his wife, Mimi, have since opened their home, as well as the library and photography archives of the Daily Press, to us in the long process of giving birth to this book. Will Corbin, the editor of the Daily Press, also graciously helped.
Several other friends took us in off the road or otherwise helped out: Curt and Sharon Hearn, Leonard and Rhoda Dreyfus, Richard E Hoefer, Annie Tin, Cindy Lerner and her sons Elliot and Austin, Eric and Gaby Shilakis, Jeff and Sarah Kestner, Terry Atlas, Peter and Kate Goelz, Mimi Read, Charlie Burke, and George Wallace. Robert Becker and his wife, Karen Heller, remained steadfast in their encouragement, as did Michael Tackett and Julie Carey, Husein and Carol Jafferjee, Mike Kar- ras and Kathy Macor, Don and Meryl McCusker, Brian and Eileen Machler, James T. High Jr., and Jeffrey T. Werner, who has no peer in his enthusiasm for learning every last fact about the submarine force.
All three of us also would like to thank several military and political analysts who were always ready to help: William. M. Arkin, Bruce G. Blair, Richard J. Boyle, Dr. Michael Gold-Biss, Chuck Hansen, Hans M. Kristensen, Barry M. Posen, Jeffrey Richelson, Richard Russell, and Zong-Yee Willson Yang.
To all the people at the Naval Historical Center in Washington, D.C., who gave us their interest, support and professional expertise we express much gratitude: Kathleen Lloyd, Operational Archives Division; Bernard E Cavalcante, Operational Archives Division; John C. Reilly Jr., Ships' History Branch and the members of his staff; the staff of the library at the Naval Historical Center. We also thank the library staff at the Submarine Force Library & Museum at Naval Submarine Base in Groton, Connecticut, and Arlyn Danielson and Aldona Sendzikas of the USS Bowfin Submarine Museum & Park in Honolulu. For all their help in providing access to the extensive holdings of the Naval Institute, particularly their superb oral histories, we would like to thank Paul Stillwell and Linda O'Doughda. Sue Lemmon, Mare Island historian, was invaluable in saving historical materials when that naval base was shut down amid all the recent base closings. We owe special gratitude to Kathy Vinson and the staff of the Defense Visual Information Center and to Bill Tiernan of the Norfolk Virginian-Pilot.
For help in checking various submarine subjects, we would like to thank Rhonda Coleman, the Vallejo Times-Herald; Alex S. Weinbaum III, John M. Pfeffer, The Free Library of Philadelphia; Wendy Sheanin, San Francisco Chronicle; Stephen Johnson of the Houston Chronicle; Dorothy Marsden, Tom Lucy, The Vallejo Naval and Historical Museum; Axel Graumann, National Climatic Data Center, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; T. J. Tucker, Naval Safety Center, Norfolk, Virginia; Dennis Filgren, The Harry S. Truman Presidential Library; Michelle Dzyak, Penn State University; the staff of the Martha Washington Library in Fairfax County, Virginia; and the staff of the Research Correspondence Division of the National Geographic Society.
We also owe a special debt to some of the wonderful men we met along the way who helped us ensure that this history got told before it was lost forever. Among them were several fine submarine and intelligence officers who died over the last several years, such as Bernard A. "Chick" Clarey, Frederick J. "Fritz" Harlfinger II, Roy S. Benson, Levering Smith, Ray S. Cline, and scientist Waldo K. Lyon. We feel very fortunate that we got to hear their stories.
PHOTO CREDITS
In 1900 the Navy purchased…: U.S. Navy photo
Almost one hundred years later…: Electric Boat Co.
The last picture of Cochino…: photo courtesy of Harris M. Austin
Cochino's commander..: U.S. Navy photo, courtesy of Rafael C. Benitez
Tusk traveled with…: U.S. Naval Historical Center
Cochino's men survived…: photo and back note courtesy of Harris M. Austin's son, Richard M. Austin
Red Austin, 1939…: courtesy of Richard M. Austin
Gudgeon…: U.S. Naval Historical Center
Gudgeon inset: courtesy of a Gudgeon crew member
With the undying belief…: Electric Boat Co.
Nautilus was the first…: Electric Boat Co.
If the president could have Airforce One…: U.S. Navy photo
John Craven dreamed…: U.S. Navy photographic center, R.P. Allan, 1969
Even before the Navy sent…: U.S. Navy photo taken by crew of Trieste II
Halibut had a mammoth…: U.S. Navy photo
Halibut patch: U.S. Navy photo
As he pushed Westinghouse engineers…: photo taken for this book of Westinghouse wire brush bestowed upon Craven