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INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
“ABC Theory of Emotion” (Albert Ellis): based on Stoic philosophy, 54
abolition of slavery: and Stoic ideas, 138, 141–42
addiction, 41
advantages. See goods vs. advantages in Stoic philosophy
adversity, 88–102; as an opportunity to manifest virtue or goodness, 7; as something we should expect, 7; as a test of character, 7, 95; as training, 99–100; transforming adversity into something good, 100–102; and virtue, 89–95, 100–102
American Psychological Association (APA), 61, 72–73, 226n2
amor fati (love your fate), 113–14
anger (or rage), 60–78; arises from mental judgments, 63–64, 70–71; as avoidable, 64; develops in a three-step process, 67–69; harmful effects of, 62–63; how to cure, 69–74; not a solution to injustice, 76; Stoic theory of, 67–69; symptoms of, 61–62; “a temporary form of insanity,” 60; it “topples” mind and reason, 62–63; ways to avoid, 74–76. See also On Anger (Seneca)
anxiety, 46–59; and cognitive theory of emotion, 48; concern vs. worry, 53, 123; and feedback loops, 51–52; how it arises, 47–48; how to overcome anxiety, 52–59; and imagination, 47, 49–52; of maintaining wealth, 121–22, 123–34; and mindfulness (prosochē), 53; and testing impressions, 53; and worrying about the future, 47–48, 49–50, 53, 56; worrying about worrying (meta-worry or meta-anxiety), 52
Apicius, 121
appreciation: appreciating the gifts of Fortune, 187, 210; relationship to love and gratitude, 195, 203–4; in Stoic philosophy, 168, 194, 195, 196, 203–5. See also gratitude; love
Aristo of Chios: on false beliefs and mental suffering, 222n3–223
Aristotle: believed external goods are needed for eudaimonia, 93–94; his rejection of human equality, 138; on three levels of friendship, 20–22
atomism, 149
authenticity. See living with authenticity
Beck, Aaron T. (psychologist): influenced by Stoicism, 55
benefitting others, 161
Buffett, Warren: frugality of, 120–21
Burrus (head of Praetorian Guard), 10
busyness, 37–39; and “preoccupation,” 38–39. See also time
Caligula, 10; wanted Seneca put to death out of jealousy, 11
cardinal virtues (wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice), 87, 91; and Plato, 91. See also virtue
character-development: and good company, 137–38; and mental tranquility, 81, 207; requires friendship, 21–22, 23; won’t be achieved by travel, 80–81
Chrysippus: criticized by Seneca, 157; on false judgments giving rise to negative emotions, 226n15; on premeditation of future adversity, 228n15
Cicero: on gratitude, 192; on human kinship and okeiōsis, 144–45; on natural law, 139–40; and Stoic philosophy, 139
Claudius, 10; exiled Seneca to Corsica for eight years, 11, 118, 182
Cleanthes: on Fate, 111
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): and Aaron T. Beck, 55; and Albert Ellis, 54–55; and Donald Robertson, 225n13; influenced by Stoicism, 54–56
cognitive distancing, 72
cognitive restructuring, 73–74
cognitive theory of emotion: and Stoic philosophy, 48, 54
community, human. See human community
complaining, 102–114; as a bad habit, 105; as expressing emotional dissatisfaction, 105; in office settings, 104–5; as rebellion against the laws of nature, 114; in Stoic philosophy, 107, 110–14
“completing life” to discover lasting happiness, 174–75, 179–80, 207, 210, 242n10. See also eudaimonia
concern vs. worry, 49, 53, 123
consistency: and self-consistency, 153–55; vs. wandering, 36, 82, 83. See also virtue, as consistently good
Consolation to Marcia (Seneca), 183, 188
consumerism: Roman, 13–15
contagious behavior, 131–34; across species, 135; also transmits good influences, 137. See also crowd psychology
contributing to society, 8–9; 148–53, 160–62. See also living with authenticity
cosmopolis (“world-city” or “city of the cosmos”): as “community of the cosmos,” 150; and global community, 142–43; and okeiōsis, 146; implies civic engagement, 150. See also human community
critical thinking and philosophy, 26, 136, 156–57
crowds: harmful, 129–38
crowd psychology, 129–37; and contagious behavior, 131–34, 135; and Gabriel Tarde, 133, 134; and gladiatorial games, 120–30; and Gustave Le Bon, 133–34; and hypnosis, 133–34; and imitation, 133, 134; and mob justice, 133; and “Twitter mobs,” 133. See also emotional contagions; unconscious influence
Cynic philosophers, 24; Diogenes of Sinope, described as “a Socrates gone mad,” 24
daily review (philosophical exercise practiced by Seneca and other Stoics), 30–31. See also Stoic philosophical exercises
Dawkins, Richard: his experience of gratitude, 202
death, 163–80; death of Socrates, 166–67; and euthanasia, 178; as the “master fear,” 167, 172, 171; meaning of “death is nothing to us” (Epicurus), 174; overcoming the fear of death, 171–74; philosophy as a preparation for death (Socrates), 167; reasons not to fear death, 172–74; “rehearse for death” (Epicurus), 167; remembering death, 165–70; as the ultimate test of character, 165, 172. See also life; memento mori (remembering death); old age