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97. [Statement of] A. Christen, “Esperanto: Hearings Before the Committee on Education … on House Resolution 415” (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1914),
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98. 1910 Census, US Census Bureau, http://www.censusrecords.com/content/1910_census.
99. [Statement of] A. Christen, “Esperanto,” np.
100. “District of Columbia—Race and Hisptanic Origin: 1800 to 1990,” U.S. Census Bureau,
http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab23.pdf.
101. Ralph Dumain, “Wil iam Pickens (1881–1954),” The Autodidact Project,
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102. Wil iam Pickens, The Heir of Slaves: An Autobiography (Boston: Pilgrim Press, 1911), 122,
http://www.autodidactproject.org/esperanto2010/pickens-whoswho.html, accessed 5
Jun. 2011.
103. Quoted in “The Progress of Esperanto,” North American Revew 184 no. 607 (1907): 224.
104. Wil iam Pickens, “Esperanto, The New International Lanaguage,” The Voice of the Negro 8
no. 4 (1906): 259, 260, 262.
105. R. B. Stuart, “Four Generations: The Historical Footprints of the Pickens Family,”
Hamptons Online, http://www.hamptons.com/Lifestyle//People-in-Focus/1808/Four-
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106. Pickens, “Esperanto, The New International Language,” 260.
107. Sho Konishi, Anarchist Modernity: Cooperatism and Japanese-Russian Intel ectual Relations in Modern Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2013), 12.
108. Steven J. Erickson and Alan Hockley, The Treaty of Portsmouth and Its Legacies (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2008), 100.
109. Ibid., 95.
110. Ibid., 96, 97.
111. Ulrich Lins, “Esperanto as Language and Idea in China and Japan,” Interlinguistics 32 no. 1
(2008): 49, DOI 10.1075/lplp.32.1.05lin.
112. Hou Zhiping, ed., Konciza Historio de la Ĉina Esperanto-Movado (Beijing: Nova Stelo, 2004), 11.
113. Ibid., 12.
114. Ibid. 4–5; trans. assistance from H. Tonkin.
115. Lins, La Danĝera Lingvo, 171–72.
116. Quoted in Sutton, Concise Encyclopedia, 107.
117. Ibid., 108.
118. Konishi, Anarchist Modernity, 287.
119. Sutton, Concise Encylopedia, 108.
120. Gotelind Mül er and Gregor Benton, “Esperanto,” in Gregor Benton, Chinese Migrants and Internationlalism: Forgotten Histories, 1917–1945 (London: Routledge, 2007), 292.
121. Ibid., 109.
122. Sutton, Concise Encyclopedia, 111.
123. Hitosi Gotoo, “Esperanto Inter la Japana kaj Korea Popoloj: Ooyama Tokio kaj lia Tempo,”
La Revuo Orienta, Dec. 2011, www.sal.tohoku.ac.jp/~gothit/historio/ooyama.html,
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124. Ibid.
125. Zhiping, Konciza Historio, 21.
126. Ibid., 35.
127. Mül er, “Esperanto,” 113.
128. Ibid., 12.
129. Ibid., 11.
130. Zhiping, Konciza Historio, 60.
131. Gotelind Mül er, “Hasegawa Teru alias Verda Majo (1912–1947): A Japanese Woman Esperantist in the Chinese Anti-Japanese War of Resistance” (Heidelberg: University of
Heidelberg, 2013), 13.
132. Zhiping, Konciza Historio, 60.
133. Mül er, “Hasegawa Teru,” 13.
134. David Poulson, “A Happy Ending,” in A Whisper From a Hurricane: The Story of Verda Majo, http://www.suite101.com/articles.cfm.esperanto, accessed 1 Oct. 2011.
135. Zhiping, Konciza Historio, 27.
136. Lins, La Danĝera Lingvo, 106.
137. Forster, The Esperanto Movement, 220.
138. Lins, La Danĝera Lingvo, 99, 97–98.
139. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (excerpt), in Anson Rabinbach and Sander Gilman, The Third Reich Sourcebook (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), 190.
140. Lins, La Danĝera Lingvo, 93, 94.
141. Richard Evans, The Third Reich at War (London: Penguin, 2008), 171.
142. Lins, La Danĝera Lingvo, 107.
143. Ibid., 110, 111.
144. Ibid., 124–25.
145. Ibid., 127.
146. Esperanto Revuo, no. 10 (Oct. 1934): 161.
147. “Nia Misio,” Esperanto Revuo, no. 12 (Dec. 1934): 3, 2.
148. Zofia Banet-Fornalowa, La Familio Zamenhof (La Chaux-de-Fonds: Kooperativo de Literatura Foiro, 2000), 73.
149. Ibid., 75.
150. Wendy Hel er, Lidia: Life of Lidia Zamenhof, Daughter of Esperanto (Oxford, UK: George Ronald, 1985) 59.
151. Ibid., 39.
152. Ibid., 71.
153. Ibid., 38.
154. Ibid., 39.
155. Ibid., 77.
156. Ibid., 86.
157. Quoted in Susannah Heschel, “German-Jewish Scholarship on Islam as a Tool for De-Orientalizing Judaism,” New German Critique, no.117 (2012): 101.
158. Banet-Fornalowa, La Familio Zamenhof, 81.
159. Ibid.
160. Quoted in Hel er, Lidia, 143, 144.
161. Ibid., 145.
162. Ibid., 163, 164–65.
163. Ibid., 168, 178.
164. Ibid., 181.
165. Ibid., 158.
166. Ibid., 181, 158, 181.
167. Ibid., 183.
168. Ibid., 190.
169. Ibid., 206, 209.
170. Lins, La Danĝera Lingvo, 299, 301, 284.
171. Ibid., 395.
172. Ibid., 384.
173. Borsboom, Vivo, 155.
174. Eileen Shaughnessy to Nora Myles, 3 or 10 Nov. 1936, in George Orwel , Orwel : A Life in Letters, ed. Peter Davison (London: Harvil Secker, 2010), 66.
175. Borsboom, Vivo, passim, for the account of Lanti’s final years.
176. Hel er, Lidia, 224, 226, 224.
177. Ibid., 227.
178. Roman Dobrzyński, La Zamenhof-Strato (Varpas: Kaunas, 2005), 25.
179. Lins, La Danĝera Lingvo, 124.
180. Ibid.
181. Dobrzyński, La Zamenhof-Strato, 50.
182. Josef Ŝemer, “La Lastaj Tagoj de Lidja Zamenhof,” Israela Esperantisto 113 (1993): 2.
183. Shoghi
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Part IV: Esperanto in a Global Babel
1. “La Malneutrala, ‘Neutraleco,’” La Suda Stelo 6 no. 2 (1937): 9.
2. “Biografiaj Notoj,” in Carlo Minnaja, ed., Eseoj Memore al Ivo Lapenna (Denmark: Internacia Scienca Instituto Ivo Lapenna, 2001), 15.
3. Ibid., 60.
4. Lins, Utila Estas Aliĝo: Tra la Unua Jarcento de UEA (Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 2008), 80.
5. “La Malneutrala, ‘Neutraleco,’” 9, 9–10.
6. Ibid., 82.
7. Forster, The Esperanto Movement, 233.
8. “Membronombroj de UEA,” http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membronombroj_de_UEA,
accessed 15 Feb. 2014.
9. Forster, The Esperanto Movement, 235.
10. Birthe Lapenna, “Ivo Lapenna kaj la Internacia Lingvo,” in Minnaja, Eseoj, 26.
11. Carlo Minnaja, “Konscio,” and Gunther Becker, “Ivo Lapenna kaj la Lingvoj,” in Minnaja, Eseoj, 77, 203.
12. Donald J. Harlow, “History in Fine,” The Esperanto Book (1995): 34,
http://donh.best.vwh.net/Esperanto/EBook/chap07.html, accessed 8 Feb. 2014.
13. Humphrey Tonkin, Lingvo kaj Popolo: Actualaj Problemoj de la Esperanto-Movado (Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 2006), 77.
14. Forster, The Esperanto Movement, 241.
15. Ibid., 79.
16. “Boxes of Esperanto Stuff from Connors,” Esperanto USA, http://www.esperanto-
usa.org/en/content/boxes-esperanto-stuff-connors, accessed 4 Nov. 2012.