Konrad Adenauer.
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18 I Adler ► adrenal
in the development of psychopathology. With his followers he developed the school of individual psychology—the humanistic study of drives, feel¬ ings, emotions, and memory in the context of the individual’s overall life plan. Adler advanced the theory of the inferiority complex to explain cases of psychopathology; Adlerian psychotherapy sought to direct patients emotionally disabled by inferiority feelings toward maturity, common sense, and social usefulness. He established the first child guidance clinic in 1921 in Vienna. He taught in the U.S. (at Columbia University and the Long Island College of Medicine) from 1927 until his death. His works include Understanding Human Nature (1927) and What Life Should Mean to You (1931).
Adler, Guido (b. Nov. 1, 1855, Eibenschiitz, Moravia, Austrian Empire—d. Feb. 15, 1941, Vienna, Austria) Austrian musicologist. After studying music theory and composition at the Vienna Conservatory, he studied music history at the University of Vienna under Eduard Hanslick (1825-1904), whom he succeeded as professor. He worked with Philipp Spitta (1841-94) and Friedrich Chrysander in founding musicology as an academic discipline. Among his distinguished students were Karl Geir- inger (1899-1989), Knud Jeppesen (1892-1974), Anton Webern, and Egon Wellesz (1885-1974).
Adler, Larry orig. Lawrence Cecil Adler (b. Feb. 10, 1914, Bal¬ timore, Md., U.S.—d. Aug. 7, 2001, London, Eng.) U.S. harmonica player. Though he was initially unable to read music, he learned classical compositions by ear and became the first person to perform concert music on the harmonica. His musicality attracted many composers to write espe¬ cially for him, including Darius Milhaud and Ralph Vaughan Williams. Accused of communist sympathies and blacklisted in the early 1950s, he was unable to find work in the U.S. and took up residence in England.
Adler, Mortimer J(erome) (b. Dec. 28, 1902, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. June 28, 2001, San Mateo, Calif.) U.S. philosopher, educator, and editor. He earned a doctorate in philosophy from Columbia Univer¬ sity (1928) and taught philosophy of law from 1930 at the University of Chicago, where with Robert M. Hutchins he promoted the idea of liberal education through regular discussions of the great books. Together they edited the 54-volume Great Books of the Western World (1952); for Ency- CLOPAlDIA Britannica, Inc., they edited an annual, The Great Ideas Today (from 1961), and the 10-volume Gateway to the Great Books (1963). In 1969 Adler became director of planning for the 15th edition of Encyclo- pcedia Britannica , published in 1974. His many books include How to Read a Book (1940), How to Think About God (1980), Six Great Ideas (1981), and Ten Philosophical Mistakes (1985).
administrative law Law regulating the powers, procedures, and acts of public administration. It applies to all public officials and public agen¬ cies. As distinguished from legislative and judicial authority, administra¬ tive authority entails the power to issue rules and regulations based on statutes, grant licenses and permits to facilitate the conduct of govern¬ ment business, initiate investigations of and provide remedies for com¬ plaints or problems, and issue orders directing parties to conform to governing statutes or rules. An administrative-law judge is a government official with quasi-judicial powers, including the authority to conduct hearings, make findings of fact, and recommend resolution of disputes concerning the agency’s actions.
admiral butterfly Any of several species of butterflies (family Nymph- alidae) that are colourful, fast-flying, and much prized by collectors. The migratory red admiral ( Vanessa atalanta ), widespread in Europe, Scandi¬ navia, North America, and North Africa, feeds on stinging nettles. The Indian red admiral (V indica) is found in the Canary Islands and India. The white admiral ( Limenitis Camilla, or Basilarchia arthemis), a Eur¬ asian and North American species, feeds on honeysuckle.
Admiralty, High Court of See High Court of Admiralty
Admiralty Islands Island group (pop., 2000 est.: 41,748), Papua New Guinea. An extension of the Bismarck Archipelago comprising about 40 islands, the Admiralty Islands lie about 190 mi (300 km) north of the mainland of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean. Most of the land area of the islands is contained in Manus Island, which is the site of Lorengau, the islands’ principal settlement. First sighted by the Dutch explorer Willem Schouten in 1616, it was named by the British captain Philip Carteret in 1767. Subsequently ruled by the Germans, Australians, and Japanese, the islands were made part of the UN Trust Territory of
New Guinea in 1946. When Papua New Guinea attained independence in 1975, the islands became part of that country.
admiralty law See maritime law
adobe \3-'do-be\ Handmade sun-dried bricks formed from a mixture of heavy clay and straw found in arid regions. As a building material, adobe dates back thousands of years and is found in many parts of the world. Molds for shaping the bricks were brought to the New World by the Spanish. Excellent insulating properties make adobe an ideal material for both dwellings and ovens; home interiors retain heat in winter and stay cool in summer. The adobe buildings at Taos, N.M., are typical of Native American pueblo dwellings.
adolescence Period of life from puberty to adulthood (roughly ages 12-20) characterized by marked physiological changes, development of sexual feelings, efforts toward the construction of identity, and a progres¬ sion from concrete to abstract thought. Adolescence is sometimes viewed as a transitional state, during which youths begin to separate themselves from their parents but still lack a clearly defined role in society. It is gen¬ erally regarded as an emotionally intense and often stressful period.
Adonis \3-'da-nos\ In Greek mythology, a youth of remarkable beauty, the favorite of Aphrodite. As a child he was put in the care of Persephone, who refused to allow him to return from the underworld. Zeus ruled that he should spend a third of the year with Persephone, a third with Aph¬ rodite, and a third on his own. He became a hunter and was killed by a boar. In answer to Aphrodite’s pleas, Zeus allowed him to spend half the year with her and half in the underworld. Mythically, Adonis represents the cycle of death and resurrection in winter and spring. He is identified with the Babylonian god Tammuz.
adoption Act of transferring parental rights and duties to someone other than the adopted person’s biological parents. The practice is ancient and occurs in all cultures. Traditionally, its goal was to continue the male line for the purposes of inheritance and succession; most adoptees were male (and sometimes adult). Contemporary laws and practices aim to promote child welfare and the development of families. In the latter part of the 20th century, there was a relaxation of traditional restrictions on age dif¬ ferences between adoptive parents and children, on the parents’ minimum income level, on the mother’s employment outside the home, and on placements across religious and ethnic lines. Single-parent adoptions and adoptions by same-sex couples also became more acceptable. Beginning in the 1970s, a growing adoptees-rights movement in the United States called for the repeal of confidentiality laws in most states that prevented adoptees as adults from viewing their adoption records, including their original birth certificates.
Adorno Xa-'dor-noV Theodor (Wiesengrund) (b. Sept. 11, 1903, Frankfurt am Main, Ger.—d. Aug. 6, 1969, Visp, Switz.) German phi¬ losopher. He immigrated to England in 1934 to escape Nazism. He lived for 10 years in the U.S. (1938-48) before returning to Frankfurt, where he taught and headed the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research (see Frankfurt School). He is notable for his books and essays on philosophy, literature, psychology, sociology, and music (which he studied with Alban Berg). For Adorno, the great task of modernist music, literature, and art was to keep alive the possible social alternatives to capitalism, which phi¬ losophy and political theory could no longer imagine. His works include Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947; with Max Horkheimer), Minima Mora- lia (1951), and Notes to Literature (4 vols., 1958-74).