Zambezi \zam-'be-ze\ River River, south-central Africa. It rises in northwestern Zambia, flows south across eastern Angola and western Zambia to the border of Botswana, then turns east and forms the Zambia- Zimbabwe border. It then crosses central Mozambique and empties into the Mozambique Channel at Chinde. About 2,200 mi (3,500 km) long, it is navigable in three long stretches, separated by rapids and by Victoria Falls. It drains the entire south-central region of the continent. Its many tributaries include the Kwando, Kafue, and Shire. It was explored by David Livingstone in the early 1850s.
Zambia officially Republic of Zambia formerly Northern Rho¬ desia Landlocked country, south-central Africa. Area: 290,585 sq mi (752,612 sq km). Population (2005 est.): 11,262,000. Capitaclass="underline" Lusaka. The population is composed almost entirely of BANTU-speaking African ethnic groups. Languages: English (official); some 80 local languages are also spoken. Religions: Christianity (Protestant, other Christians, Roman Catholic); also traditional beliefs, Islam. Currency: kwacha. The country consists of a high plateau through which the Zambezi (including Victoria Falls), Kafue, and Luangwa rivers flow. Lakes Mweru and Tanganyika touch
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ZAMBIA
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Zambia’s northern boundaries, and Lake Bangweulu and the Bangweulu Swamps form extensive wetlands farther to the south. The Muchinga Mountains in the east and the ranges along the eastern border have the highest elevations in the country. There are forests of Zambezi teak in the southwest. Zambia’s economy depends heavily on the pro¬ duction and export of copper. Other important mineral resources include lead, zinc, cobalt, coal, and gold. Agriculture also is important. There is some manufacturing. Zambia is a republic with one legislative house; its head of state and government is the president. Ancestors of the Tonga reached the region early in the 2nd millennium ad, but other peoples from Congo (Kinshasa) and Angola reached the country only in the 17th—18th century. Portuguese trading missions were established early in the 18th century. Emissaries of Cecil Rhodes and the British South Africa Company concluded treaties with most of the Zambian chiefs during the 1890s. The company administered the region known as Northern Rhodesia until 1924, when it became a British protectorate. It was part of the Central African Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1953—63. In 1964 Northern Rhodesia became independent as the Republic of Zambia. A constitutional amendment enacted in 1991 allowed opposition parties. However, the country continued to experience political tension and government corrup¬ tion.
Zamboanga \,zam-bo-'waq-ga\ Port city (pop., 2000: 601,794), west¬ ern Mindanao, Philippines. Founded in 1635 as a fort by the Spanish, it later became the chief market of the southern Philippines. In World War II it was a Japanese defense headquarters and was taken by U.S. troops in 1945. It exports rubber, pearls, copra, and mahogany and is a centre for Moro brass ware and bronze ware. It is also a tourist resort.
Zamora, Niceto Alcala See Niceto Alcala Zamora
Zamyatin \ 1 za-'mya-t y in\, Yevgeny (Ivanovich) or Yevgeny Zamiatin (b. Feb. 1, 1884, Lebedyan, Tambov province, Russia—d. March 10, 1937, Paris, France) Russian novelist, playwright, and satirist. Educated as a naval engineer, he combined a scientific career with writ¬ ing. A chronic dissenter, he was a Bolshevik before the Russian Revolu¬ tion of 1917 but disassociated himself from the party afterward. His ironic criticism of literary politics kept him out of official favour. His most ambitious work, the novel We (1924; banned in the Soviet Union until 1989), was the first anti-utopian novel and the literary ancestor of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four.
Zande \'zan-de\ or Azande \o-'zan-de\ People of central Africa who live in The Sudan, Congo (Kinshasa), and Central African Republic. They speak an Adamawa-Ubangi language of the Niger-Congo family. They
occupy widely scattered family homesteads, subsisting through agricul¬ ture and hunting. Patrilineal clans are numerous. Witchcraft, magic, and divination are major features of social life. The Zande number about 3.8 million.
Zangwill Vzaq-gwilV, Israel (b. Feb. 14, 1864, London, Eng.—d. Aug. 1, 1926, Midhurst, West Sussex) English novelist, playwright, and Zion¬ ist leader. The son of eastern European immigrants, Zangwill drew on his own experience in Children of the Ghetto (1892), which aroused great interest. His The King of Schnorrers (1894) is a picaresque novel about an 18th-century rogue, and Dreamers of the Ghetto { 1898) contains essays on famous Jews. The metaphor of America as a crucible wherein various nationalities are transformed into a new race comes from his play The Melting Pot (1908). He is remembered as one of the earliest English interpreters of Jewish immigrant life.
Zanuck Vza-nokN, Darryl F(rancis) (b. Sept. 5, 1902, Wahoo, Neb., U.S.—d. Dec. 22, 1979, Palm Springs, Calif.) U.S. film producer and executive. He worked as a steelworker, garment factory foreman, and a professional boxer while pursuing his career as a writer, and in 1924 he was hired as a screenwriter for Warner Brothers. After writing scripts for more than 35 movies, he was made a producer. He promoted the conver¬ sion to sound by producing The Jazz Singer (1927). In 1933 he cofounded Twentieth Century Pictures, which soon merged with the Fox Film Corp. As the controlling executive of Twentieth Century-Fox, he produced films such as The Grapes of Wrath (1940), Gentleman’s Agreement (1947), and Viva Zapata! (1952). He resigned in 1956, but he returned as president in 1962 to effect the company’s financial recovery with hits such as The Longest Day (1962), The Sound of Music (1965), and Patton (1970). He retired as chairman in 1971.
Zanzibar Chief island (pop., 2002: 622,459) of Tanzania. Located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of east-central Africa, it has an area of 637 sq mi (1,651 sq km). Zanzibar city (pop., 2002: 205,870), the island’s principal port and commercial centre, is on the western side. Both Zan¬ zibar and Pemba islands are believed to have once formed part of the African continent. In the late 17th century, Zanzibar came under the con¬ trol of Omani Arabs, and the sultan of Oman made Zanzibar city his capi¬ tal in 1832. In 1861 Zanzibar was separated from Oman and became an independent sultanate. Under Sultan Barghash (r. 1870-88), most of the mainland territories were lost to European powers. In 1890 the British proclaimed a protectorate over Zanzibar and Pemba islands. In 1963 the sultanate regained its independence and became a member of the Com¬ monwealth. The sultanate was overthrown in 1964, and a republic was established. It then joined with Tanganyika to form the Republic of Tan¬ zania. The economy depends on agriculture and fishing.
Zapata \sa-'pa-ta\, Emilia no (b. Aug. 8, 1879, Anenecuilco, Mex.—d. April 10, 1919, Morelos) Mexican revolutionary and champion of the rural poor. A mestizo peasant, he was orphaned at age 17 and took respon¬ sibility for his brothers and sisters.
He led his neighbours in protests against the hacienda that had appro¬ priated their land and eventually led them in taking the land by force. He organized a small force to help Fran¬ cisco Madero unseat Porfirio Diaz.
Dissatisfied with the pace of land reform under Madero, Zapata led a guerrilla campaign that took land back from the haciendas and returned it to the communal Indian EJiDOs. He was instrumental in the defeat of Gen. Victoriano Huerta after Huerta deposed and assassi¬ nated Madero. With Pancho Villa he occupied Mexico City and began to implement land reform, but he was tricked, ambushed, and killed by the forces of Venustiano Carranza, whom the U.S. had recognized as president.