Zapopan \,sa-po-'pan\ City (pop., 2000: 910,690), north-central Jalisco state, west-central Mexico. Located in the Guadalajara River valley, it is
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2104 I Zaporizhzhya ► zebra mussel
a commercial and manufacturing centre for an agricultural area that pro¬ duces com, sugarcane, cotton, fruits and vegetables, and livestock. Bee¬ keeping and tourism also contribute to the economy. The 17th-century Basilica of Zapopan is the site of annual pilgrimages.
Zaporizhzhya V.zap-o-'ri-zhoV formerly (until 1921) Aleksan¬ drovs k City (pop., 2001: 815,000), on the Dnieper River in southeastern Ukraine. In 1770 the fortress of Aleksandrovsk was built to ensure gov¬ ernment control over the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, whose headquarters were nearby. The settlement became a town in 1806. The city expanded during the 1927-32 construction of the Dnieper hydroelectric station, then the largest in the world. The dam was destroyed in World War II but was later rebuilt. Zaporizhzhya has a major iron and steel plant; automobiles are also manufactured.
Zapotec \,za-p3-'tek\ Indian population living in the state of Oaxaca, southern Mexico. Early Zapotec civilization, centred on Monte Alban (near the modern city of Oaxaca), produced the first writing in Mesoamer- ica and devised the 52-year round calendar later borrowed by other groups. Present-day traditional Zapotec society is largely agricultural, and members practice shifting cultivation. The major crafts include pottery and weaving. The Zapotecs profess Roman Catholicism, but belief in spirits and myths persists. See also Mesoamerican civilization.
Zara, Siege of (1202) Major episode of the Fourth Crusade, the first attack on a Christian city by a Crusading army. Zara (modern Zadar, Cro.), a vassal city of Venice, had rebelled and placed itself under Hungary’s protection in 1186. Over the objections of Pope Innocent III, the Venetians diverted the Fourth Crusade from Palestine and Egypt, using financial pressure to persuade the Crusaders to besiege Zara. The city soon sur¬ rendered, and the army went on to attack Constantinople in 1203-04.
Zaragoza \,za-ra-'go-sa\ or Saragossa \,sar-9-'ga-s3\ City (pop., 2001: 614,905), northeastern Spain. The capital of the Aragon autono¬ mous community ( comunidad autonoma ), Zaragoza is located on the southern bank of the Ebro River. The Celtiberian town of Salduba at the site was taken by the Romans at the end of the 1st century bc and made a colony named Caesaraugusta, from which its present name derives. It became an episcopal see in the 3rd century ad, and it was taken by the Moors c. 714. It was the capital of the kingdom of Aragon from the 12th to the 15th century. It underwent two sieges (1808-09) by the French, which were commemorated in Lord Byron’s Childe Harold. It is an indus¬ trial centre and the site of the annual National Trade Fair. Notable build¬ ings include Romanesque and Gothic churches and palaces. Its university was founded in 1474.
Zarathustra See Zoroaster
Zaria \'zar-e-o\ formerly Zazzau Historic kingdom and traditional emirate, northern Nigeria. It was founded in the 11th century and was the southernmost of the original seven Hausa Bakwai states. Islam was intro¬ duced c. 1456, and there were Muslim Hausa rulers in the early 16th cen¬ tury. A Songhai warrior conquered Zazzau c. 1512. By the end of the century it was renamed Zaria and was in decline. It became a tributary state (c. 1734-1804) of the Bornu kingdom. In 1804 it came under the Fulani Muslims. The Zaria emirate was created in 1835. It remains one of Nigeria’s largest traditional emirates, and it is one of the nation’s lead¬ ing producers of cotton for export.
Zarlino \dzar-'le-no\, Gioseffo (b. March 22, 1517, Chioggia, Rep. of Venice—d. Feb. 14, 1590, Venice) Italian music theorist and composer. In 1541 he was ordained a deacon and moved to Venice to study music with Adrian Willaert (c. 1490-1562). He later took over as chapel master at San Marco Basilica. His influential treatise Le institutioni harmoniche (1558) argued for more stringent control of dissonance (while accepting several previously dissonant intervals as consonances) and stricter adher¬ ence to unity of mode in a composition. In Dimonstrationi harmoniche (1571) he renumbered the church modes, starting with C instead of the traditional A, thus acknowledging the growing relevance of tonality.
zarzuela V.zar-'zwa-loV Spanish musical play consisting of spoken dia¬ logue, songs, choruses, and dances. Zarzuela originated in the 1650s as an aristocratic entertainment, the first being performed at the royal resi¬ dence of La Zarzuela near Madrid. The principal early composer was Juan Hidalgo (1614-85); early librettists included Lope de Vega and Pedro Calderon de la Barca. As Italian opera rose in popularity in the 18th cen¬ tury, the zarzuela adopted aspects of opera seria style but suffered a
decline. It was revived c. 1840 as a satirical treatment of everyday life incorporating folk music, dance, and improvisation. Since 1940 few new works have been written.
Zatopek Vtsa-to-.pekX, Emil (b. Sept. 19,1922, Koprivnice, Czech.—d. Nov. 22, 2000, Prague, Cz.Rep.) Czech long-distance runner. He won his first Olympic gold medal in 1948 in the 10,000-m race. At the 1952 Olympics he won gold medals in the 5,000-m, 10,000-m, and marathon. From the mid-1940s to the mid-1950s he set 18 world records, and he held the record for the 10,000-m from 1949 to 1954.
zazen \'za-'zen\ Sitting meditation as practiced in Zen Buddhism. The disciple sits in a quiet room, breathing rhythmically and easily, with legs fully or half crossed, spine and head erect, hands folded one palm above the other, and eyes open. Logical, analytic thinking is suspended, as are all desires, attachments, and judgments, leaving the mind in a state of relaxed attention. The practice was brought to prominence by Dogen, who considered it not only to be a method of moving toward enlightenment but also, if properly experienced, to constitute enlightenment itself. See also KOAN.
Zealand See Sjaelland
Zeami \za-'a-me\ or Seami or Kanze Motokiyo (b. 1363, Japan—d. Sept. 1, 1443, Kyoto?) Japanese playwright and theorist of the no theatre. Under the patronage of the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Zeami joined with his father, Kan’ami (1333-84), to create the no theatre in its present form. He is credited with about 90 (and most of the great¬ est) of the approximately 230 plays in the present repertoire. In treatises written as manuals for his pupils, notably Fushi kaden (1400-18; “The Transmission of the Flower of Acting Style”), he set forth principles of no theatre that were followed for centuries.
zebra Any of three species of black-and-white-striped equines that subsist almost entirely on grass. Zebras stand 47-55 in. (120-140 cm) tall. The Burchell’s zebra, or bonte quagga (Equus quagga ), of eastern and southern African grasslands, has wide, widely spaced stripes. Grevy’s zebra ( E . grevyi), of arid areas in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Somalia, has narrow, closely spaced stripes and a white belly. The small mountain zebra (E. zebra), of dry upland plains in Namibia and western South Africa, has a gridlike pat¬ tern on the rump. Small zebra groups consisting of a stallion and several mares and foals may coalesce into large herds but retain their identity.
Burchell's zebra, or bonte quagga (Equus quagga)
LEONARD LEE RUE III
zebra fish Any member of two unrelated groups of fishes: freshwater species in the genus Brachydanio (family Cyprinidae) and saltwater spe¬ cies in the genus Pterois (family Scorpaenidae). The zebra danio (Brachy¬ danio rerio), a popular freshwater aquarium fish originally from Asia, grows to about 1.5 in. (4 cm) long and has dark blue and silvery longi¬ tudinal stripes. The distinctive saltwater zebra fishes (Pterois), used in marine aquariums, have extremely large pectoral fins, numerous extremely poisonous spines, and colourful vertical stripes. Some species are more commonly known as lionfish and turkeyfish.