Zurbaran \,zur-b3-'ran\, Francisco de (baptized Nov. 7, 1598, Fuente de Cantos, Spain—d. Aug. 27, 1664, Madrid) Spanish painter. He was apprenticed in 1614 to a painter in Sevilla (Seville), where he lived
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2114 I Zurich ► zymogen
until 1658 when he moved to Madrid. He had a few royal commissions but remained throughout his life a provincial painter of religious pictures. His apostles, saints, and monks are painted with almost sculptural mod¬ eling, and his emphasis on the minutiae of their dress lends verisimilitude to their miracles, visions, and ecstasies. This distinctive combination of naturalism with religious sensibility conforms to the guidelines for Counter-Reformation artists outlined by the Council of Trent. He had numerous commissions from monasteries and churches throughout south¬ ern Spain, and many of his works were sent to Lima, Peru. His late devo¬ tional paintings show the influence of Bartolome Esteban Murillo.
Zurich \'tsui-rik\ or Zurich \'zur-ik\ City (pop., 2000: city, 363,273; 1998 est.: metro, area, 935,118), Switzerland. Located at the northwest¬ ern end of Lake ZOrich, the site was occupied first by prehistoric lake dwellers and later by the Celtic Helvetii before the Romans conquered the area c. 58 bc. It subsequently was held by the Alamanni and the Franks. Zurich grew as a trade centre, and in 1218 it became a free imperial city. In 1351 it joined the Swiss Confederation. Under the leadership of Hul- drych Zwingu, Zurich became the centre of the Swiss Reformation in the 16th century. Attracting refugees from the Counter-Reformation, it estab¬ lished a liberal democratic order during the 1830s. Long an industrial centre and Switzerland’s largest city, Zurich is also an important finan¬ cial centre and a major tourist destination. The city’s cultural treasures include the National Museum (1833) and the Zurich Opera (1891).
Zurich, Lake German Zurichsee \'tsie-rik- l za\ Lake, north-central Switzerland. Extending southeast from the city of ZOrich, it lies at an alti¬ tude of 1,332 ft (406 m) and has an area of about 34 sq mi (88 sq km). It is 18 mi (29 km) long and has a maximum depth of 469 ft (143 m). The Linth River flows into it and emerges as the Limmat.
Zuse Vtsu-Z9\, Konrad (b. June 22, 1910, Berlin, Ger.—d. Dec. 18, 1995, Hiinfeld) German engineer. In 1941 he constructed the first fully operational program-controlled electromechanical binary calculating machine, or digital computer, called the Z3. The machine predated Howard H. Aiken’s Harvard Mark I but was destroyed by bombing during World War II. In 1945 he designed Plankalkiil, one of the first attempts at a high- level programming language, which later influenced the development of ALGOL.
Zweig \'tsv!k\, Arnold (b. Nov. 10, 1887, Glogau, Silesia, Ger.—d. Nov. 26, 1968, East Berlin, E.Ger.) German writer. Zweig, who was Jew¬ ish, was exiled from Germany by the Nazis in 1933. He lived as an emi¬ gre in Palestine until 1948, when he moved to East Germany. He is best known for the novel The Case of Sergeant Grischa (1927), which depicts the German army in World War I through a Russian prisoner’s tragic encounter with the Prussian military bureaucracy. Later works, including Education Before Verdun (1935) and The Crowning of a King (1937), fol¬ low the fortunes of characters he introduced in Sergeant Grischa.
Zweig, Stefan (b. Nov. 28, 1881, Vienna, Austro-Hungarian Empire—d. Feb. 22, 1942, Petropolis, near Rio de Janeiro, Braz.) Aus¬ trian writer. He was deeply influenced by Sigmund Freud, whose theories on psychology informed Zweig’s analyses of historical figures and his subtle portrayal of fictional characters. His essays include studies of Hon¬ or! de Balzac, Charles Dickens, and Fyodor Dostoyevsky, in Three Masters (1920); and Friedrich Holderun, Heinrich Kleist, and Friedrich Nietzsche, in Master Builders (1925). He achieved popularity with The Tide of Fortune (1928), five historical portraits in miniature. He also wrote biographies, poetry, short stories, dramas, and a novel. Driven into exile by the Nazis in 1934, Zweig and his second wife went to England and then Brazil, where, lonely and disillusioned, they committed suicide.
Zwicky Vtsvik-e\, Fritz (b. Feb. 14, 1898, Varna, Bulg.—d. Feb. 8, 1974, Pasadena, Calif., U.S.) Swiss astronomer and physicist. He received his Ph.D. from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and moved to the U.S. in 1925 to work at Caltech, where he remained until 1972. In 1934, with Walter Baade (1893-1960), he proposed that supernovas are a class of stellar explosions completely different from novas. He conducted an extensive search of neighbouring galaxies for supernovas and discov¬ ered 18; only about 12 had been recorded previously in the entire history of astronomy. In the years 1943-46, with Theodore von Karman and oth¬ ers, he helped develop early jet-propulsion systems.
Zwilich \'zwi-lik\, Ellen Taaffe (b. April 30, 1939, Miami, Fla., U.S.) U.S. composer. She was trained as a violinist, studying with Ivan
Galamian (1903-81). She studied composition with Elliott Carter and Roger Sessions at Juilliard. Her straightforward and expressive music won wide recognition; her Symphony No. 1 (1983) was the first composition by a woman to win a Pulitzer Prize. Her orchestral work Symbolon pre¬ miered in Russia in 1988. She is noted for writing music that is both sub¬ stantive and accessible.
Zwinger Vtsviq-orX Rococo-style building complex (1709-32), on the southern bank of the Elbe in Dresden, Germany, designed by Matthaus Daniel Poppelmann (1662-1736). Originally planned as the forecourt for a castle, it is considered one of the finest works of its style in the world. It comprises one- and two-story buildings surrounding an immense square court. Its festive air is accented by bold, richly sculpted and ornamented facades and gates and by dramatic contrasts between its low arcades and high pavilions.
Zwingli \'zwiq-le,\ German Vtsvir Wildhaus in the Toggenburg, Sankt Gallen, Switz.—d. Oct. 11, 1531, near Kappel) Major reformer in the Protestant Reformation in Switzer¬ land. Educated in Vienna and Basel, he was ordained a priest in 1506. An admirer of Erasmus, he began preach¬ ing reformist ideas in Zurich in 1518, shortly after Martin Luther made his break with the church in Rome, and became increasingly active in chal¬ lenging the ritualism, decadence, and hierarchy of the Roman Catholic church. The main contentions of his 67 Articles (1523) were adopted by most priests in Zurich. As his move¬ ment spread, he rejected a number of the basic teachings of the church, declaring that Jesus alone is head of the church, that the mass is an affront to Christ, and that there is no bibli¬ cal foundation for the intercession of the dead or for purgatory. He also rejected the notions of priestly celibacy, and his teachings on the sacra¬ ment of communion brought him into conflict with both Luther and the Catholic church. He was killed in a battle between Protestants and Catho¬ lics while serving as an army chaplain.
Zworykin \'zvor y -kyin,\ English Vzwor-i-kanN, Vladimir (Kosma) (b. July 30, 1889, Murom, Russia—d. July 29, 1982, Princeton, N.J., U.S.) Russian-born U.S. electronic engineer and inventor. He immigrated to the U.S. in 1919. While with Westinghouse Electric Corp. (1920-29), he filed patent applications for his inventions of the iconoscope (a TV transmis¬ sion tube, 1923) and the kinescope (TV receiver, 1924), which formed the first all-electronic TV system. He patented a colour TV system in 1928. In 1929 he became director of electronic research at RCA. His electron image tube, sensitive to infrared light, was the basis for devices first used in World War II for seeing in the dark.