Civil War (1918-20) ix, xi, 45, 50-6, 209, 280-1, 302 Trotsky's role 48 War Communism 58-60 class xv-xvi
climate ix, 13, 14,16,20-1,21,22,23
Siberia 20, 304 coal 8, 245-6, 304 Cold War 14, 79-80, 86, 93-4, 99100, 120, 239 collectivc farms (kolkhozy) 26-7, 668, 241, 244 collectivization ix, 58, 62, 66-8, 74, 75, 305
Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance} 252 Comintern (Third International) 57 Committee for State Security see KGB Commonwealth of Independent States
see CIS communications 10 communism 119
collapse x—xi, 15 Communist Party of the Russian
Federation 110, 237 Communist Party of the Soviet Union
see CPSU Congress of People's Deputies 106,
108, 231-2, 232 Constantinople 39, 136, 264 constitution 56, 99, 106, 107-9, 232-4
constructivism 63, 195, 198-9 consumer goods 90, 257, 317 corruption 89, 91, 94, 242
post-Soviet xviii, 101, 105, 116,242 Council for Mutual Hconomic
Assistance see Comecon counterculture 92-3, 192-3 CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) 46, 56, 89, 108, 231-2, 236,253 dissolution 46, 102, 103, 110, 237 Gorbachev and 46, 95, 96 purges 73 and religion 266 weakened xiv, 46, 99 crime xvii, 6, 116, 293 organized crime 111-12, 131, 240, 242
Crimean War 39, 145 cruiser Aurora 296 Cuban missile crisis (1962) 83, 87 culture 62-4, 135-42 control of 141-2, 173, 187, 188, 207-8
see also ballet; cinema; folk culture; literature; music; religion; theatre; visual arts
Cyrillic alphabet 265 Czechoslovakia 90, 100
de-Stalinization 83, 85, 88, 170 defence expenditure 91, 99-100 "delayed" literature 166 democracy 88 democratization 98, 100 demography 4, Ĵ Denildn, Anton 53 detente 82, 89, 90
Diaghilev, Sergey 178, 181, 196, 197,
201, 221-5 dissidence 62, 74, 192-3 Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak) 161, 166, 171
Donets Basin (Donbass) 28, 245 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 15, 143, 149,
151, 152, 219, 292 drinks 259-60 Duma see State Duma Dzhugashvili, losif Vissarionovich see Stalin
East Germany 86, 100 Eastern Europe x annexation 54—5, 79 democratization 95, 100 economic crises 1920 59
1980s 97-8, 250
1990s xvi, 100,105,112-13,118,259 economic decline 91, 99-100 economic development x, 27, 88, 127, 254-5
economic reforms xv, 96-8,105,11216, 126-7, 241-3 economy 6-9,15,89-91,240-3,254-5 see also agriculture; economic reforms; finance; industry; labour; power stations; resources; service sector; taxes;
telecommunications; trade; transport education xvii, 5-6, 10, 62, 63, 91,
257, 271-3 Eisenstein, Sergey 209-10, 211 elections 95,107,109,126,127,2312, 236
presidential 105, 121, 236-7 Soviet-era 231-2, 236 electricity 8, 240, 246, 247 emancipation of serfs 145, 147, 14950, 280
emigre literature 165-6, 166, 168, 169, 170
emigres 63, 173, 180-1, 181-2, 185,
199-200 energy 8, 240, 245-6, 247 Engels, Fried rich 45 environmental belts 21-3 environmental degradation 242-3, 245 Estonia 77, 117
ethnic groups 13-14, 23-5, 45, 74,
76-7, 88, 116-17 European Union x, 119, 252 everyday life xvi, 256-7
see also drinks; education; festivals; food; housing; religion; social issues; sport experimental theatre 218-19
facts and figures 3-11
famines 59-60, 68
farming see agriculture
February Revolution (1917) 40-3, 47,
158, 289 Federal Assembly 109, 233 federal districts 234-5 Federal Security Service see FSB Federation Council 233, 238 festivals 257, 258, 260-1 film xvii, 63, 207-13 finance 249-51
financial crises 242, 250, 250-1 Finland 42, 47, 54, 56, 77 First World War (1914-18) 40, 44, 207, 292, 317 withdrawal from 45, 50 fishing 7, 244-5, 319 The Five (composers) 177 Five-Year Plans 54, 66, 69, 70, 305 Fokine, Michel 221, 222, 223-4 folk art 195
folk culture 142, 221, 311 festivals 257, 258, 260-1 influence of 141, 146, 177, 178, 181-2, 189 folk music 191-2 folktales 146, 177, 178 food 10, 257-9, 260-1 football {soccer) 261-2, 288 foreign direct investment 126, 242, 249, 255
foreign policy 100-1, 118-19, 123-4
forestry 244
Formalism 140
France 52, 56
free market xv, xvii, 105
free press 124
freedoms, personal 71-2
French language 139, 146
FSB (Federal Security Service) 120,
121, 129-31 Futurists 63, 159-60, 161
G-8 (Group of Eight) xii, 252 Gaidar, Yegor 108, 110 gas 8, 14, 108, 240, 246, 247, 304 exports 90, 126, 252 income from xvii, 90, 114 pipelines 305 Gazprom 108, 128 geographical features (map) 13 Georgia xi, 42, 56, 100, 117, 129, 239
German-Soviet Non- Aggress ion Pact
(1939) 54 Germany 96, 100, 252 armistice and Treaty of Brest- Litovsk (1917, 1918) 45, 50 see also Second World War glasnost ("openness") xiii, 94, 95, 97,
98, 171,212, 256, 287 Glavny Universality Magazin see GUM
Glinka, Mikhail 141, 174 Godunov, Boris (c. 1551-1605) 33, 36, 284
Gogol, Nikolav 15, 141, 149, 150,
177, 214 ' Golden Horde 34 Goncharov, Ivan 148, 153 Goncbarova, Natalya 195, 196, 197, 223
Gorbachev, Mikhail (b. 1931) x, xi, 88, 94, 95-6, 108, 158 attempted coup against (1991) xi,
102-3, 104, 105, 130, 232 reforms 46, 92, 94-6, 142, 268 and Yeltsin xiii, 101-2, 103, 105 see also glasnost-, perestroika Gorbachev era (1985-91) 94-102, 267
Gorky (city, now Nizhny Novgorod)
27, 92, 93 Gorky, Maksim 15, 148, 156, 157,
165,287 governance 231-2 Grand Principality of Moscow see Muscovy
Group of Eight (G-8) xii, 252 Grozny (Chechnya) 117, 122 Ŭulag xviii, 67,74-6, 92,168-9, 16971, 304, 305 Gulag Archipelago, The (Solzhenitsyn)
75, 76, 92, 170-1 GUM {Glavny Universally Magazi«)
xviii, 283, 285 Gumilyov, Nikolay 157, 159, 163
health 10, 268-9
health care xvii, 10, 91, 233, 257, 268-9
Hermitage (St Petersburg) 73, 295,
295-6, 298 higher education 10, 38, 91, 272-3, 313-14, 663 see also universities Hitler, Adolf 57, 77, 78, 80, 202, 303 Horowitz, Vladimir 185 housing xvi, 91, 113, 233,27(M, 281 Hungary 39, 83, 85, 86, 100 hydroelectricity 70, 246, 247, 314
ice hockey 261, 262-3 icon painting 137, 138 IMF (International Monetary Fund)
114, 115 India 119, 123, 255 industrialization 26, 27, 62, 240, 281
Stalin era 66, 69-71, 80, 305-6 industry 7-8,38,113-14,126,247-8, 254,312 state intervention 242 inflation 15, 59, 1 13, 114, 241 inland waterways 70, 248, 289-90,
290, 291, 295 intelligence services 120, 121, 122, 131, 141,236, 240 see also FSB; KGB intelligentsia 38, 72, 93, 151, 238 International Monetary Fund see IMF Internet xviii, 10, 249 Iran 119, 123 Iraq 119, 123
Irkutsk 14, 28, 308, 314-15 iron industry 246, 304, 311 Islam 64, 116, 267, 268 "Itinerants" 194
[van Ш ((van the Great, 1440-1505)
33, 34, 282, 300 Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible, 1530-84)
33, 35, 285, 300 hvestiya ("News") 84-5, 142
Jack of Diamonds group 195, 196 Japan 93, 96, 317, 319
Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) 41, 306, 308, 319 jazz 192
Jews 42, 53, 64, 65, 78, 268 Judaism 267
judicial bodies xviii, 233, 235-6
Kandinsky, Vasily 195, 197-8, 199, 203-6
Karsavina, Tamara 223, 292 Kasparov, Garry 263, 264-5 Kazakhstan 74,76,85,117,118,239, 252, 305
Kerensky, Aleksandr (1881-1970) 44 KGB (Committee for State Security)
102, 120, 121, 129-31, 240 Khabarov, Ycrofey 315 Khabarovsk 28, 308, 309, 315-16 Khachaturian, Aram 185, 189 Khlebnikov, Velimir 159 Khrushchev, Nikita (1894-1971) 823, 84, 88, 90, 92 denunciation of Stalin 55, 72, 83, 85, 168