de-Stalinization 83, 85, 88, 170 Khrushchev era (1953-64) 82-8,267, 277-8, 281
Kievan Rus 24, 33, 135, 136, 265
Kirov, Sergey 72, 73
Kirov Theatre see Mariinsky Theatre
Kitay-gorod (Moscow) 282, 285-6
Kochno, Boris 225
Kohl, Helmut xi
Kolchak, Admiral Aleksandr 53, 312 kolkhozy (collective farms) 26-7, 668, 67
Korean War (1950-3) 80 Kosygin, Alexsey 89, 94 Kramnik, Vladimir 263, 264 Kremlin (Moscow) 125, 136, 278,
280, 282-5 Kronshtadt 60, 291 Krupskaya, Nadezhda 44, 208 kulaks 66-7, 70 Kuleshov, Lev 209 Kutuzov, General Mikhail I. 280 Kuznetsk Basin (Kuzbass) 28, 245,
305,313 kvass 258, 260 Kyrgyzstan 117, 239
labour camps see Gulag labour relations 71, 253^1 language 23-5, 267-8, 272 French 139, 146 Russian xv, 139, 140, 148 teaching of French 93 Larionov, Mikhail 195, 196, 197 Latvia 77, 117 legal system 111, 235-6, 242 Lenin Mausoleum (Moscow) xviii,
277, 283, 285 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (18701 924) 44-5, 46-7, 48, 51, 53, 57, 296 attempt on life 52 Bolshevik government 49-50 and cinema 208 death 54, 64-5, 292 paintings of 199 re-evaluated 120 and religions 64 see also Bolsheviks Leningrad siege of (1941 -4) 289, 292-3 see also St Petersburg
Liberal Democratic Party xiii-xiv, 110, 237
life expectancy 5, 15, 28, 111, 269 Ligachev, Yegor 99 Lissitzky, El 197-8, 199 literary culture 139-41 literature 15, 62, 88, 143-4 1890s to 1917 158-60 folk influences 141, 177 "for the drawer" 166, 167-8 nineteenth-century 144-57 post-Revolution 157-8, 160-72 Lithuania 77, 101, 117 living standards 88, 91, 115-16 Lobachevsky, Nikolay 272 local government 235, 243, 270, 271 Lomonosov, Mikhail 139, 140, 292
Makhno, Nestor 52 Malenkov, Georgy M. 84-5 Malevich, Kasimir 195-7, 198 Manchuria 306, 308, 316 Mandelshtam, Osip 73, 157, 159, 162 Mariinsky Theatre (formerly Kirov Theatre, St Petersburg) 220-1, 222, 223, 225, 290, 298 market economv, transition to 112-13 Marx, Karl 44, 45 Marxism-Leninism 44, 119 Massine, Lйonide 224 Mayakovsky, Vladimir 15, 63, 15960
media xviii, 62, 98, 124, 142 media tycoons 121, 124 medical services 91, 111, 253 Medvedev, Dmitry (b. 1965) xv, 121,
127, 128-9 Mendeleyev, Dmitry 272, 292 Mcnshcviks 42, 46, 48, 50, 51 Metternich, Prince Klemens von 15 Meyerhold, Vsevolod 215, 217-18 Michael, Tsar (1596-1645) 36 middle class xviii, 15, 256-7, 273 migrations 14,26,28-9,70,268,280, 281
military-industrial complex 89, 90 mineral resources 7 modernism, in music 181, 186 modernization xiii, xvii, 96
Moldova 117, 239 money xv-xvi, 58, 59 Mongol invasions 24, 33, 136, 299 montage 63, 209-11 Moscow xv, xviii, 4, 14, 24, 27, 256, 276-8 climate 278-9 cultural life 278, 286-9 history 277, 279-81 local government 235 siege of (1941) 77, 281 sights 282-6 Moscow Academic Art Theatre 21516, 286
Moscow Academy of Fine Arts 205 Moscow State Circus 220, 287 Moscow State University 272, 273, 279
Murmansk 244, 30Н-2, 317 Muscovy 33, 136-7, 144, 279 music 15, 175-6 control of 183-5, 186-7, 187-8, 189
folk influences 141, 181-2, 189 folk music 191-2 late- and post-Soviet 190-3 nineteenth-century 174—8 pop 92-3, 192 rock 92-3, 192-3 twentieth-century 178-89 Muslims 64, 267, 268 Mussorgsky, Modest 141, 174, 177 mysticism 158, 174, 178-9, 183, 218
Nabokov, Vladimir 165, 166, 171 Nagy, Imre 83, 85 Napoleon I 20, 277, 280 nationalism x, xvii, 100, 101-2, 174, 175, 178
nationality policies 45, 56, 76-7, 84, 100
nationalization 58 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) x, 80, 86, 100, 118-19, 123, 129, 239 natural gas see gas navy 316, 317 "Near-Abroad" 116-18
Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir
286
New Economic Policy (1921-8) 60-2, 66
newspapers 10, 62, 84, 85, 142 Nicholas 1 (1796-1855) 39, 147 Nicholas II (1868-1918) xv, 34, 41, 120, 267, 296, 313 and 1905 Revolution 40, 42 execution (1918) 51-2, 120, 311 Nijinska, Bronislawa 224, 225 Nijinsky, Vasiav 221, 223, 224, 292 Nizhny Novgorod (formerly Gorky) 4,
27, 92, 93 Novgorod 33, 34, 35, 279, 299-300, 309
Novosibirsk 4, 27, 28, 313-14 nuclear power 246 Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (1963) 83, 87
nuclear weapons xii, 80 Nureyev, Rudolph 225, 226
Obraztsov, Sergey 219-20 October Revolution (1917) 43,47-50,
158, 181,202, 289, 296 "official" literature 158, 171-2 oil 8, 14, 118, 240, 246, 247, 304 exports 90, 126, 242, 252 income from xvii, 91, 114, 126 pipelines 304, 310-11, 312 Oistrakh, David 184 oligarchs 115, 121, 124 Olympic Games 262, 281, 287-8 Omsk 4, 27, 28,312-13 One Day in the Life of Ivan
Denisovich (Solzhenitsyn) 76, 168-9, 169-70 opera 148, 174, 176, 177, 186, 187,
227
based on folktales 141, 178 designs for 202 organized crime 111—12, 131, 240, 242
Other Russia coalition 264-5 Our Home Is Russia party 110, 237
painting see visual arts Pamyat ("Memory") xiii
Paradzhanov, Sergey 212
Pasternak, Boris 15* 160-1, 166
Pavlova, Anna 221, 222, 224, 292
peasants 45, 51, 58, 59, 60-1, 66-8
people 13-14, 23-5
"people's theatre" 218
peres troika ("restructuring") xiii, 94,
94-7, 99 Perm 4, 27, 308, 310-11 Peter 1 (Peter the Great, 1672-1725) 34, 37, 120, 135, 144, 300, 311
St Petersburg 279, 289, 291, 297 westernization of Russia 137-9 Peter-Paul Fortress (St Petersburg)
120, 291,294 Peterhof see Petrodvorets Petipa, Marius 220-1, 292 Petrodvorets (formerly Peterhof) 294, 297
Petrograd Soviet 43, 47, 48 petroleum see oil physical geography 15-23 Platonov, Andrey 168 Podgorny, Nikolay 89 poetrv 15, 171 1890s to 1917 158-60, 161, 162, 164
nineteenth-century 148, 149, 155 post-Revolution 162, 163,164, 168,
171
Poland 39, 42, 56, 77, 83, 100 Politburo 48, 50, 54, 66, 90, 95 political development x, 127, 135 political parties 126, 237-8, 264-5 political process 236-8 political subdivision (map) 230 pollution 242, 245, 269, 279 pop music 92-3, 192 population ix, 4, 5, 28, 29, 88, 111
density 26 Potsdam Conference (1945) 55 power stations 70, 246, 247, 314 Pravda ("Truth") 84, 142 pre-school education 272 president 99,101, 106, 109,233,234,
236-7, 282 prices 97, 98, 112, 113, 241 Primakov, Yevgeny 119 prime minister 109, 233 prison camps see Gulag private enterprise 105 private security forces 240 privatization 26, 115, 241, 245, 271
Prokofiev, Sergey 15,185-7,189, 210, 221
propaganda 79,142,158, 161-2,208 prose 148-57
Provisional Government 43-5, 47, 48,
49, 208 public services 111, 253 Pudovkin, Vsevolod 209, 210-11 puppet theatre 219-20, 287, 311, 316 purges ix, 54, 55, 72-6, 82, 130, 2723
of Jews 78-9, 130,210 Pushkin, Ale к sand r 15, 139, 143,
144-8, 177, 217, 292 Pushkin (town, formerly Tsarskoye
Selo) 294, 297 Putin, Vladimir (b. 1952) xvii-xviii, 105, 120, 121, 123—t, 128, 234 and Chechnya xviii church attendance xv and Medvedev 127, 128 Putin era (1999-2008) 120-9
Rachmaninov, Sergey 178, 179-81, 292
railways 280, 315, 316 see also Baikal-Amur Main Line; Trans-Siberian Railway Ramhert, Dame Marie 225 Rasputin, Grigory 41 Rastreili, Bartolomeo F, 295, 297 Ravel, Maurice 225 Rayon ism 195, 196, 197 RCB (Russian Central Bank) 250 rebirth of Russia xiii—xv, xvii, xviii Red Army 45, 48, 51, 52-6, 56 Red Square (Moscow) xviii, 282, 283, 285
"Red Terror" 52 regional government 234-5, 272 relief regions 16-19 religion 4,116,142,257, 265-8,278, 287
Bolsheviks and 64 festivals 260-1 and music 183
see also Russian Orthodox Church repression 51, 55, 71-2, 236 arts 141-2 of Jews 268