of musicians 142, 185, 187, 188,
189, 192 religious 287
Stalin era 14, 54, 72, 78-9 of writers 142, 147, 157-8, 161-4,
168, 169 see also purges resources 14, 91, 245-7, 252, 254,
302, 304 Revolution of 1905 40, 42, 44, 48, 180, 209
Revolution of 1917 14, 15,34,40-50, 54, 292, 317 February 40-3, 47, 158, 289 October 43, 47-50, 158, 181, 202,
289, 296 role in Russia's evolution xiii, 11920
rewriting history xiii, 119-20 Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolay 141, 174,
177-8, 181, 292 Rite of Spring, The (Stravinsky) 181,
222, 222-3 rock music 92-3, 192-3 rocketry, Krushchev's enthusiasm for
85-6, 87-8 Rodchenko, Aleksandr 198-9 Romania 77
Romanov dynasty 33^, 292 Roosevelt, Franklin D, 78 Rostov-na-Donu 4, 27, 28 Rostropovich, Mstislav 184-5, 185, 190
Rubinstein, Anton 175 ruble xv, 113, 241, 241-2, 242, 24950
Rublyov, Andrey (c. 1360-1430) 137,
138, 284 rural areas xvi-xvii, 26-7, 271 Rurik dynasty 33 Russian Academy of Sciences 314, 315,318
Russian Central Bank (RCB) 250 Russian Communist Party 50 Russian Federation 104, 106, 123 Russian language xv, 139, 140, 148 Russian Orthodox Church xiv-xv, 64, 116, 265-8, 277, 287 and culture 136, 137 and music 174, 180, 183, 191 Russian Revolution see Revolution of
1905; Revolution of 1917 Russian State Library (Moscow) 286, 298
Russians (ethnic) 14, 23 Russia's Choice party 110 Russification 40, 76, 135 Russo-Japanese War (1904-5} 41,
306, 308, 319 Rutskoy, Aleksandr 107-9
St Petersburg Conservatory 175, 176,
290, 292, 298 St Petersburg (Leningrad 1924-91) xv—xvi, 4, 14,27, 244,256, 28990, 301 climate 290, 293 culture 298-9
history 42, 279, 289, 291-3 local government 235 siege of Leningrad (1941-4) 292-3 sights 293-8 St Petersburg State University 273,292 Sakhalin Island 244, 318-19 Sakharov, Andrey 92, 93, 130 SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation
Talks) (1972, 1979) 93 samizdat literature 166, 170 samokritika (denunciation of own
works) 140, 168, 189 Schnittkc, Alfred (1934-98) 183,1901
schools xvii, 62, 63, 253, 271-2, 273 Scriabin, Aleksandr 178, 178-9 Second World War (1939^15) ix, 74, 77-8, 80, 127, 168, 289 Arctic convoys 301 battle of Stalingrad (1942-43) 77-8,
302, 303 Nazi treatment of Jews 268 role of Siberia 305
siege of Moscow (1941) 77, 281 Stalin's role 54-5, 77-9 security x, 238-40 security services xviii, 35, 39, 73, 74
see also FSB; KGB separatism 122-3 Chechnya xviii, 105, 116-17, 1212, 124, 131 serfs 14, 145, 147, 149-50, 207, 280 service sector 253, 254 settlement 26-8
Sholokhov, Mikhail 160, 165, 166 Shostakovich, Dmitry 15, 185, 187-9, 189, 190
Siberia 20, 26, 28-9, 243, 247, 3046
see also Novosibirsk; Trans-Siberian Railway Slavs 24, 267-8 smoking 269
Sobchak, Anatoly 120, 128 soccer 261-2, 288 social issues 15, 268-70 social services 91, 113-14, 116 social welfare 268-9 socialist realism 141, 164,183-4, 190, 211, 212, 218 visual arts 197, 199, 205, 206 Socialist Revolutionaries 47, 50, 51 soils 21, 22, 23 Sokurov, Aleksandr 213 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (1918-2008) 15,76, 130,165, 168-9,169-71, 171 exile 93, 166
The Gulag Archipelago (1973) 75, 76, 92, 170-1 South Ossetia 129 sovereignty xii-xiii
Soviet system, views of 101-2, 126-7 Soviet Union collapse 15, 102-3, 158, 171-2,
219, 232, 267, 301 dissolution (1991) xi, 13,14,46,95, 232
establishment 14, 34, 56-7 governance 231-2 legacy to Rъssia xii, xiii reasons for decline and fall xii
role in emergence of communism 119-20 soviets 43, 47, 49, 51, 99 sovkhozy (state farms) 26-7, 244 space industry 85-6, 91 sport 184, 261-5, 287-8, 299, 311 Stalin, Joseph (1879-1953) 54-5, 656, 80-1, 188 and arts 141-2, 156, 187, 210 defence of Tsaritsyn (later
Stalingrad) 302 Krushchev's denunciation of 55, 72,
83, 85, 168 nationalities commissar 54, 56 and religion 266
and Second World War 54-5, 77-9 supersedes Trotksy 48, 65, 66 see also socialist realism Stalin era 14, 54-5, 64-72, 80, 120, 127, 305 ethnic minorities 76-7 purges ix, 54,55, 72-6, 78, 82,130,
210, 272-3 repression 72, 78-9 see also collectivization;
industrialization; Second World War
Stalingrad (now Volgograd), battle of
(1942-43) 77-8, 302, 303 Stanislavsky, Konstantin 214-17, 286
Starovoytova, Galina 112 State Duma (established 1905) 42 State Duma (in Federal Assembly) 109, 110-11, 127, 233, 236-7, 238, 250
state farms (sovkhozy) 26-7, 244 steel industry 246, 304 steppe 22-3, 26
Stolypin, Pyotr (1862-1911) xv, 41 Stravinsky, Igor 175,178,181-3,186,
222-3, 224, 225 sturgeon 245, 258-9 subsidies, arts xvii, 212, 218 Summer Garden (St Petersburg) 295, 296
Summer Palace (St Petersburg) 294,
295, 296 suprematism 195, 195-8
Supreme Soviet 89, 99, 101, 232 Sverdlovsk see Yekaterinburg symbolists 158-9,217
taiga 21-2
Tajikistan 117, 118, 239 tamizdat 166 Tarkovsky, Audrey 212 Tatar invasions 24, 33, 136, 299 Tatars 34 Tatarstan 76, 116 tax system 112, 114, 126, 254 taxes 97, 126, 242, 254 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr liyicb 15, 175-6, 179, 187, 216, 224, 292 ballets 176, 183, 201,221 Tehran Conference (1943) 55, 78 telecommunications 249 theatre xvii, 63, 156, 214-20, 225-6, 278
designs for 196, 201, 202 theatres 215, 216, 226-7, 257 see also Bolshoi Theatre; Mariinsky Theatre
Theophanes the Creek 138, 284 Third International (Comintern) 57 Time of Troubles (1598-1613) 33, 36 Tito, Marshal Josip Broz 79-80 Tolstoy, Leo xv, 15, 149, 151, 151-3, 154-5, 292 folk influences 141 literary language 148 on Russian prose form 139^10 totalitarian government 57 tourism 253,257,300,302,306,31415, 318, 319 town sea pes xvi trade 9, 248, 251-2, 299 trade unions 59, 219, 253^1 Trans-Siberian Railway 4 1, 248, 305, 306-9
cities on 28, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 318 transport xvii, 9, 248-9 travel 253, 257 Trezzini, Domenico 296 Trotsky, bon 42, 48-9, 61 leadership of Red Army 52-3 superseded by Stalin 48, 65, 66 tsarist past, rediscovery xiii-xv Tsaritsyn see Volgograd tsars 14, 33-4, 34-5, 38, 39,120,284 see also Alexander 11; Alexander N1; Catherine II; Michael; Nicholas I; Nicholas H; Peter ( Tsarskoye Selo see Pushkin (town) Tsvetayeva, Marina 164, 166 tundra 21, 319
Turgenev, Ivan 148, 149-51, 214 Turkmenistan 117, 239
U-2 Affair (I960) 83 Ukraine 56, 68, 117, 118, 239, 252 Ulaanbaatar 309,315 Ulan-Ude 28, 309, 315 "underground" artists 206 Union of Soviet Writers 162-4 unions 59, 219, 253-4 United Nations Security Council xii, 240
United Russia Party xiv, 127 United States 52, 55, 60, 90, 96, 11819 252 Cold'War 79-80, 86, 87-8 Gorbachev and 95 Putin and 123 universities 63, 272-3, 292, 313-14
see also higher education unofficial literature 165-8, 171-2 urban areas xvi, 27-8, 256, 281 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) see Soviet Union Uzbekistan 117, 239
values, changes in 257 vegetation 16, 21, 22, 23 villages xvi—xvii, 26—7 Virgin Lands Campaign (1954-6) 305
visual arts 194-207 Vladivostok 14, 28, 244, 306, 309,
316-18 vodka 259-60, 270 Volgograd (formerly Tsaritsyn and
Stalingrad) 302-4 Voynovich, Vladimir 171 Vrubel, Mikhail 195 Vysotsky, Vladimir 192, 193
War Communism 58-60 War and Peace [Tolstoy) 139-40,153, 154
Warsaw Pact xi, 83, 86, 90, 239 We (Zamyatin) 167, 171 welfare 91, 233, 268-9 West Berlin 80 westernization 96, 137-9 White armies 51, 52, 56 wildlife 21, 22, 23 Winter Palace (St Petersburg) 294,
295, 295-6, 296 women 138, 238, 261, 263 World Trade Organization 252 World War 1 (1914-18) 40, 44, 207, 292,317 withdrawal from 45, 50 World War (I (J939—45) ix, 74, 77-8, 80, 127, 168, 289 Arctic convoys 301 battle of Stalingrad (1942-43) 77-8,