CHAPTER 1. CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH
The Legacy of Augustus
Dates of Caligula’s life and reign: Kienast, Kaisertabelle, 85–86. Contemporaries’ opinion of Augustus: Tacitus, Annals, 1.9–10. Introduction of the monarchy through the restoration of the Republic: Meier, “C. Caesar Divi filius.”
The Political Family
Mommsen, Staatsrecht 2.1143. The Julio-Claudian dynasty: Cf. Kienast, Kaisertabelle, 61–100; Meise, Julisch-claudische Dynastie.
A Childhood as “Little Boots”
Popularity of Germanicus: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 3–6. The nickname and situation in the legionaries’ camp: Seneca, On the Firmness of the Wise Man (De Constantia Sapientis), 18.4; Tacitus, Annals, 1.41–44, 1.69.4; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 9; Dio, Roman History, 57.5.6–7; cf. the Life of Commodus (10.2) in the Historia Augusta. The journeys to Greece and the East: Tacitus, Annals, 2.53–61, 2.69–72; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 10.1, and Tiberius, 52.2–3. The city of Assos: Smallwood, Documents, no. 33, p. 29, ll. 15–17. Germanicus’s funeral procession: Tacitus, Annals, 2.75.1, 3.1–5.
Conditions in Ancient Rome under Tiberius
Cf. Levick, Tiberius. Salutatio at the houses of Augustus and Tiberius: Winterling, Aula Caesaris, 122–23. Trials for maiestas: Tacitus, Annals, 3.37.1, 3.38.1–2, 3.65–70; Suetonius, Tiberius, 58; Dio, Roman History, 57.23. On Titius Sabinus: Tacitus, Annals, 4.184, 4.68–70; Dio, Roman History, 58.1.1b. Capri: Tacitus, Annals, 4.67; Suetonius, Tiberius, 40; Dio, Roman History, 58.1.1. Sejanus’s salutatio: Dio, Roman History, 57.21.4, 58.5.2. Consulship through Sejanus: Tacitus, Annals, 4.68.2. Sejanus’s power, honors, and downfalclass="underline" Tacitus, Annals, 4.74; Suetonius, Tiberius, 65; Dio, Roman History, 58.4–11. Tiberius’s fearfulness: Suetonius, Tiberius, 63, 65–66.
A Perilous Youth
The poisoning of Drusus (II): Tacitus, Annals, 4.7, 4.8.1. Nero and Drusus (III): Tacitus, Annals, 4.8.3–4, 4.17.1–2; Suetonius, Tiberius, 54. Enmity toward Agrippina and her sons: Tacitus, Annals, 4.12, 4.17.3; Suetonius, Tiberius, 54. Intrigue against Agrippina at Tiberius’s dinner: Tacitus, Annals, 4.54; Suetonius, Tiberius, 53.1. Intrigues against Nero: Tacitus, Annals, 4.60. Arrest of Agrippina and Nero: Tacitus, Annals, 4.67.3–4. Caligula in the house of Livia and Antonia: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 10.1. Caligula’s funeral oration for Livia: Tacitus, Annals, 5.1.4. Death of Nero: Suetonius, Tiberius, 54.2, 61.1; Dio, Roman History, 58.8.4. Treatment of Drusus (III): Tacitus, Annals, 6.23.2, 6.24, 6.40.3; Dio, Roman History, 58.3.8. Intrigues and charges against Caligula: Tacitus, Annals, 6.3.4, 6.5.1, 6.9.2.
Capri and the Path to the Throne
Caligula moves to Capri: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 10.1. Supposed chances for the throne: Dio, Roman History, 58.8.1–2. Dynastic prestige of Germanicus’s family: Tacitus, Annals, 5.4.2; Suetonius, Tiberius, 65.2. Avillius Flaccus: Philo, Against Flaccus, 9–11. Death of Drusus: Tacitus, Annals, 6.23–24; Suetonius, Tiberius, 54. Death of Agrippina: Tacitus, Annals, 6.25; Suetonius, Tiberius, 53.1. Julius Agrippa and Caligula: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 18.161–69, 183–92. The grammarian Seleucus: Suetonius, Tiberius, 56. Caligula’s education: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 18.206. Tiberius’s scholarly interests: Suetonius, Tiberius, 70–71. Caligula’s quaestorship: Dio, Roman History, 58.23.1. Wedding in Antium: Tacitus, Annals, 6.20; cf. Dio, Roman History (58.25.1), who places the event in the year 35. M. Junius Silanus: Tacitus, Annals, 3.57.1; Dio, Roman History, 59.8.5–6. Marriages of Caligula’s sisters: Tacitus, Annals, 6.15; Dio, Roman History, 58.20.1. Tiberius’s wilclass="underline" Suetonius, Tiberius, 76. Macro’s support, the affair with Ennia: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 32–33, 39–40, cf. 61; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 12.2; Tacitus, Annals, 6.45.3; Dio, Roman History, 58.28.4. Tiberius’s last plans for the succession and risk for Caligula: Philo, Against Flaccus, 11–12, and The Embassy to Gaius, 24–25, 41, 58; Suetonius, Tiberius, 62.3; Dio, Roman History, 57.22.4b, 58.23.2; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 18.211–15; Tacitus, Annals, 6.46.3. Death of Tiberius: Tacitus, Annals, 6.50; Suetonius, Tiberius, 72–73, and Gaius Caligula, 12.2; Dio, Roman History, 58.28.3.