CHAPTER 3. THE CONFLICTS ESCALATE
The Consulars’ Conspiracy
Domitian’s remark: Suetonius, Domitian, 21. Chants at the theater: Dio, Roman History, 59.13.7. Corruption in the management of roads: Dio, Roman History, 59.15.3–5. Caligula’s victims in the Senate: Dio, Roman History, 59.18.4–5, 59.19. C. Calvisius Sabinus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, C 354; Tacitus, Histories, 1.48.2; cf. Plutarch, Galba, 12. Titius Rufus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani1, T 201. Junius Priscus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, I 801. Cn. Domitius Afer: Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, D 126. Seneca: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 53.2.
The Moment of Truth
Speech in the Senate: Dio, Roman History, 59.16.2–7; cf. Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 30.2. Testamentary bequests to Augustus: Suetonius, Augustus, 101.3; cf. 66.4; Tacitus, Annals, 1.8.1. Bequests to Tiberius: Dio, Roman History, 58.16.2. Bequests to Caligula made compulsory: Dio, Roman History, 59.15.1 and 6. Contributions to daughter’s education: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 42. Coerced gifts and invitations: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 343–44. Caligula’s pleasure over aristocrats’ lack of power: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 344. Auction of gladiators: Dio, Roman History, 59.14.1–4. Incitatus: Dio, Roman History, 59.14.7; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 55.3. Marriage to Caesonia: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 25.3–4; cf. Dio, Roman History, 59.23.7. Date of the wedding: Meise, Julisch-claudische Dynastie, 106–7; Barrett, Caligula, 94–95. Name for Agrippina’s son: Suetonius, Nero, 6.2. Gaetulicus in the reign of Tiberius: Tacitus, Annals, 6.30.2–4. Incursions by Germanic tribes: Suetonius, Tiberius, 41.
The Great Conspiracy and the Expedition to the North
Consuls removed from office: Dio, Roman History, 59.20.2–3. New consuls: Cn. Domitius Afer: Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, D 126; A. Didius Gallus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, D 70. The African legion: Dio, Roman History, 59.20.7; cf. Tacitus, Histories, 4.48. Departure for Germania: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 43. Suetonius’s misunderstanding: cf. Willrich, “Caligula,” 307, note 1; Dio, Roman History, 59.21. Documentation on the presence of Lepidus and Caligula’s sisters in the retinue: Seneca, Moral Epistles (Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales), 1.4.7; Dio, Roman History, 59.22.8. Lack of suspicion against sisters documented by later auction in Gaul of their servants, household goods, and jewelry: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 39.1. Explicit references to the great conspiracy in mid-39: Suetonius, Claudius, 9.1, and Vespasian, 2.3, cf. Gaius Caligula, 24.3; Dio, Roman History, 59.22.5–9, 59.23.1; cf. also Balsdon, Emperor Gaius, 66–95; Meise, Julisch-claudische Dynastie, 91–122. Suetonius on the reasons for the expedition: Gaius Caligula, 43; cf. Dio, Roman History, 59.21.1–2, 59.22.1. The conspiracy is foiled: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 24.3; Dio, Roman History, 59.22.5–9, 59.23.1. Acta Fratrum Arvalium: Smallwood, Documents, no. 9, p. 14, ll. 18–21. Conspirators on trial in Rome: Dio, Roman History, 59.23.8. Vespasian as a praetor: Suetonius, Vespasian, 2.3. First delegation from the Senate: Dio, Roman History, 59.23.2 and 5 (Dio locates the event in Gaul); Suetonius, Claudius, 9.1. Incursions by Germanic tribes: Suetonius, Tiberius, 41, cf. Galba, 6.3. Military actions on the upper Rhine: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 44.1. On Galba: Suetonius, Galba, 6.2–3, and Vespasian, 2.3. Acclamations as imperator: Dio, Roman History, 59.22.2. Military farce: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 45.1. Tacitus on the military actions: Germania, 37.5; Histories, 4.15.3; Agricola, 13.4. Cassius Dio on wealthy Gauls: Roman History, 59.22.3. Auctions in Gauclass="underline" Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 39; Dio, Roman History, 59.21.5–6. Wealthy Gaul at the emperor’s table: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 39.2. Theatrical performances in Gauclass="underline" Dio, Roman History, 59.22.1. Oratorical competition: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 20. Town of Vienna: Cf. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 212, col. 2, ll. 15–17. Events in Rome at the beginning of the year 40: Dio, Roman History, 59.24; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 17.1. Prince Adminius: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 44.2. Events at the English Channeclass="underline" Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 46; Dio, Roman History, 59.25.1–3 (Xiphilinus). Interpretation of the events: Balsdon, Emperor Gaius, 88–95; more recently Barrett, Caligula, 125–39. Mutiny in the year 43: Dio, Roman History, 60.19.1–3. Legions punished: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 48. On the situation in Britain: Barrett, Caligula, 127–29. Tacitus on the military campaigns: Germania, 37.5; Histories, 4.15.3; Agricola, 13.2. Triumph and honors prohibited: Cf. Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 48.2, 49.2.
Reshaping the Emperor’s Role
Powerful freedmen under Augustus: Juvenal 1.109, 14.305–8; Suetonius, Augustus, 67.1; Dio, Roman History, 54.21.3–8. Under Tiberius: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 18.167; Tacitus, Annals, 6.38.2. Caligula’s aristocratic retinue in public: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.102. Nymphidia: Plutarch, Galba, 9. Callistus and Domitius Afer: Dio, Roman History, 59.19.6, 59.20.1. Callistus’s position: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.64–65; cf. Dio, Roman History, 59.25.7–8 (Zonaras). Helicon: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 166–83, 203, 205. Role of Caesonia and the Praetorian prefects: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 25.3 f.; Dio, Roman History, 59.25.7 (Zonaras and the Excerpta Vaticana); Persius 6.43–47. Imperial procurators, officers of the Praetorian Guard: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 47; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.28–29; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 40.