Triumphantly Crossing the Sea
Presence near Rome in May 40: Acta Fratrum Arvalium: Smallwood, Documents, no. 10, p. 14, l. 15. Delegation from the Senate: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 181. Journey to Campania: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 185. Bridge of ships from Puteoli: Seneca, On the Shortness of Life (De Brevitate Vitae), 18.5; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.5–6.; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 19.32.1 (and, on Alexander’s breastplate, 52); Dio, Roman History, 59.17. (Dating according to the indications given by Seneca and Josephus; Cassius Dio places the event in the year 39 without providing a context.)
CHAPTER 4. FIVE MONTHS OF MONARCHY
Subjugating the Aristocracy
Entrance into Rome: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 49.2. Instances of torture under Tiberius: Suetonius, Tiberius, 58; Dio, Roman History, 57.19.2. Plans to eliminate the entire Senate: Seneca, On Anger (De Ira), 3.19.2; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 49.2; cf. Dio, Roman History, 59.25.5. Regular executions: Seneca, On Anger (De Ira), 3.19.1; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 32.1; cf. 27.3. Julius Canus: Seneca, On Tranquility of Mind (De Tranquillitate Animi), 14.4–10; Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy (Consolatio Philosophiae), 1.4.90–94; cf. Plutarch, frg. 211. Ten-day interval between sentencing and execution in trials for maiestas: Tacitus, Annals, 3.51.2. Julius Graecinus (Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, I 344): Seneca, On Favors (De Beneficiis), 2.21.5; cf. Seneca, Moral Epistles (Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales), 29.6; Tacitus, Agricola, 4.1. Agricola’s birth (Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, I 126): Tacitus, Agricola, 44.1. Pomponius and Quintilia: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.32–36 (Pompedius); Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 16.4 (without mention of the name); Dio, Roman History, 59.26.4 (Pomponius). Sextus Papinius (Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, P 101), Betilienus Bassus (Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, B 114): Seneca, On Anger (De Ira), 3.18.3–19.5; Dio, Roman History, 59.25.5b–7. C. Anicius Cerialis (Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, A 594): Tacitus, Annals, 15.74.3, 16.17.5. Protogenes in the Senate: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 28; Dio, Roman History, 59.26.1–2. The emperor’s guard in the Senate: Suetonius, Augustus, 35.1 (Augustus); Dio, Roman History, 58.17.3–4. (Tiberius). Testimony by slaves against their masters: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.12–14; under Tiberius: Dio, Roman History, 57.19.2; under Claudius: Dio, Roman History, 60.15.5. Claudius on triaclass="underline" Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.12–14; Suetonius, Claudius, 9.1. Aristocratic hostages on the Palatine Hilclass="underline" Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 41.1; Dio, Roman History, 59.28.9. Living in Augustus’s palace: Dio, Roman History, 53.27.5; in Galba’s palace: Suetonius, Galba, 14.2. Aristocrats’ criticism of Seneca: Tacitus, Annals, 13.42; Dio, Roman History, 61.10.1–3.
Dishonoring the Aristocracy
Reserved seating at the theater abolished: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.86; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 26.4. Claudius in the Senate: Suetonius, Claudius, 9.2. Dishonoring the noble families: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 34.1, 35.1. Pompeius Magnus (Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, P 630): Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 9339; Syme, Roman Revolution, 468. Pompeius’s end: Seneca, Apocolocyntosis, 11.2; Suetonius, Claudius, 29.1–2; Dio, Roman History, 61(60).29.6a. Flattery continues: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 116. Senators at banquets: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 26.2. Submissiveness of aristocrats under Augustus and Tiberius: Tacitus, Annals, 1.2.1, 1.7.1, 1.74.2. Kissing Caligula’s foot: Dio, Roman History, 59.27.1; Seneca, On Favors (De Beneficiis), 2.12.1–2 (Pompeius Poenus). Kissing actors: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 55.1. Gratitude for a kiss from the emperor mentioned in the Senate: Dio, Roman History, 59.27.1. Caligula’s rhetorical abilities: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.208; Tacitus, Annals, 13.3.2; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 53.1.
The Emperor as “God”
L. Vitellius: Dio, Roman History, 59.27.5. Dating of his recall from Syria: Malalas 10.244 (with confusion about the name); cf. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 18.261, and Dio, Roman History, as above. Senate decree to build a temple to Caligula: Dio, Roman History, 59.28.2; priesthood for his cult: Dio, Roman History, 59.28.5. Divine honors for Caesar: Dio, Roman History, 44.6.4. The sacrae occupationes of Tiberius: Suetonius, Tiberius, 27. Offerings to images of Tiberius and Sejanus: Dio, Roman History, 58.4.4. A senator prostrates himself: Tacitus, Annals, 1.13.6. Octavian’s “banquet of the twelve gods”: Suetonius, Augustus, 70. Antonius: Plutarch, Antonius, 4.1–2, 24.3, 26.3, 60.2–3. Augustus’s refusal of divine honors: Suetonius, Augustus, 52; cf. Dio, Roman History, 51.20.6–7. Tiberius’s rejection of honors and criticism by the Senate: Tacitus, Annals, 4.37–38. Cult for Tiberius, Livia, and the Senate: Tacitus, Annals, 4.15.3; cf. 4.37–38. Divinity of the Senate: Talbert, Senate, 96–97. Caligula’s appearances costumed as a god: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 78–80, 93–97; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 52; Dio, Roman History, 59.26.10; cf. 59.26.5–7. On “religious policy”: Willrich, “Caligula,” 107–16. Suetonius on the emperor’s clothing: Gaius Caligula, 52. Epigraphic and numismatic evidence: Barrett, Caligula, 148–49. “Conversation” with the moon goddess: Dio, Roman History, 59.27.6. Apelles: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 33. Fee charged to enter the college of the emperor’s priests: Dio, Roman History, 59.28.5. Claudius’s prohibition of veneration as a god: Dio, Roman History, 60.5.4. Scribonius Largus: Compositiones (praefatio), 60, 163. Temple for Nero: Tacitus, Annals, 15.74.3. Seneca on Claudius’s “divine hand”: Seneca, On Consolation (Ad Polybium de Consolatione), 13.2; cf. Tacitus, Annals, 13.42; Dio, Roman History, 60.8.5. Pliny the Elder: Pliny, Natural History, praef. 11. Philo on Caligula’s deification: The Embassy to Gaius, 76 (the emperor’s paraplēxia). Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 18.256, 19.4 and 11. Cult of the emperor in Judaea: cf. Barrett, Caligula, 182–91. Intervention by Agrippa: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 18.289–301; Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 276–329. Jewish delegation’s first audience: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 180–83; second audience: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 349–72. Josephus’s descriptions of Caligula before his murder: Jewish Antiquities, 19.87–104. Suetonius on the deification of Caligula: Gaius Caligula, 22.2–4; cf. 33, 52. Threat to Jupiter: Seneca, On Anger (De Ira), 1.20.8–9. The shoemaker who laughed: Dio, Roman History, 59.26.8–9.