Stability of Rule
For the Praetorian Guard, Germanic bodyguards, and the people of Rome, compare the reports on the reaction to Caligula’s assassination: Dio, Roman History, 59.30.2, 59.30.1b; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.115, 19.121–22, 19.158–59. On conflicts with the plebs: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.24–26; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 26.5. L. Vitellius: Prosopographia Imperii Romani1, V 500; Dio, Roman History, 59.27.5–6. A. Vitellius: Prosopographia Imperii Romani1, V 499; Suetonius, Vitellius, 4, 17.2. Q. Pomponius Secundus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, P 757; Dio, Roman History, 59.29.5. Cn. Sentius Saturninus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani1, S 296; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.185. C. Sallustius Crispus Passienus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, P 146; Suetonius, Vita Passieni Crispi. Valerius Asiaticus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani1, V 25; Seneca, On the Firmness of the Wise Man (De Constantia Sapientis), 18.2. Marcus Vinicius: Prosopographia Imperii Romani1, V 445; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.102. Annius Vinicianus: Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, A 701; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.96–98. Paullus Arruntius: Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, A 1135; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.102. On mutual mistrust: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.51–52. On Caligula’s inner circle: Dio, Roman History, 59.25.7.
Alexandria an Alternative?
On Caligula’s plans regarding Alexandria: Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 173, 250, 338; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.81; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 49.2; cf. 8.5. On Julius Caesar: Suetonius, Julius Caesar, 79.3. Marcus Antonius: Dio, Roman History, 50.4.1. Nero: Plutarch, Galba, 2.1; Dio, Roman History, 63.27.2. On Caligula’s conflict with members of his inner circle: Cassius Dio’s quotation, Roman History 59.25.8, is a combination of excerpts from Zonaras and the Excerpta Vaticana. Date of planned departure for Alexandria: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.81; cf. Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 58.1.
CHAPTER 5. MURDER ON THE PALATINE
On secret treachery: Tacitus, Histories, 3.68.1. Core members of the conspiracy: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.46–48; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 56.1, 58.2; Dio, Roman History, 59.29.1, 59.29.5–6. Aemilius Regulus, Annius Vinicianus: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.17–18. Valerius Asiaticus: Tacitus, Annals, 11.1.2; cf. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.159; Dio, Roman History, 59.30.2. On the emperor’s retinue shortly before the assassination: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.101–2. Callistus and Claudius: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.64–69. The new Praetorian prefect Rufrius Pollio (Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, R 173): Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.267. The death of the assassins: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.268–73; Suetonius, Claudius, 11.1; Dio, Roman History, 60.3.4–5. The execution of Protogenes and Helicon: Dio, Roman History, 60.4.5; Philo, The Embassy to Gaius, 206. Consultation about the new empress in the year 48: Tacitus, Annals, 12.1–2. On the assassination itself: Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 56.2, 58; Dio, Roman History, 59.29.6–7; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.99–114; Seneca, On the Firmness of the Wise Man (De Constantia Sapientis), 18.3. The deaths of Caesonia and Drusilla: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.198–200 (where their deaths are not shown as immediately following the assassination); Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 59; Dio, Roman History, 59.29.7. On the situation in the theater after the murder: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.127–57; Dio, Roman History, 59.30.1b. On the session in the Senate: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.166–89, 19.248–62; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 60, and Claudius, 10.3, 11.1; Dio, Roman History, 59.30.3, 60.1–2. Aspirants to the throne: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.251–52; Dio, Roman History, 60.15.1. The people in the Forum: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.158–59. Claudius’s elevation to the throne: Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.162–65, 19.212–26, 19.247; Suetonius, Claudius, 10; Dio, Roman History, 60.1.3–3a. Caligula’s buriaclass="underline" Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 19.237; Suetonius, Gaius Caligula, 59.