24 Pitcher, When Miss Emmie Was in Russia, 13; Dawe, Looking Back, 19.
25 Harper, 59–60.
26 Rogers, 3:7, 54–5.
27 Swinnerton, ‘Letter from Petrograd’, 7.
28 Harper, 66.
29 Hall, One Man’s War, 272.
30 Stinton Jones, 185; Markovitch, La Révolution russe, 76.
31 Barnes, 226; Francis, 72.
32 Letter to Edith Chibnall, 14 March 1917, at: http://spartacus-educational.com/Wbowerman.htm; Anon., ‘Nine Days’, 216.
33 Heald, 61, 64.
34 Pollock, ‘The Russian Revolution’, 1074.
35 Locker Lampson, quoted in Kettle, The Allies and the Russian Collapse, 45.
36 Springfield, ‘Recollections of Russia’.
37 Anon., ‘The Nine Days, 216.
38 Markovitch, La Révolution russe, 60; Patouillet, 1:72–3; Paléologue, 823.
39 Swinnerton, ‘Letter from Petrograd’, 6.
7 ‘People Still Blinking in the Light of the Sudden Deliverance’
1 Wharton, ‘Russian Ides of March,’ 28.
2 Ibid.
3 Anet, 39–40.
4 Dissolution, 175.
5 Pipes, Russian Revolution, 310–13.
6 Ransome, Despatch 67, 18 [5] March.
7 Paléologue, 830; Hegan, ‘Russian Revolution through a Hospital Window’, 559; Anet, 63; Anon., ‘The Nine Days’, 217.
8 Thompson, 114; 123, 124.
9 Anet, 53.
10 Chambers, Last Englishman, 136. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 300. Figes, People’s Tragedy, 336.
11 Golder, War, Revolution and Peace in Russia, 54; Oudendyk, Ways and By-ways in Diplomacy, 218.
12 Walpole, ‘Official Account’, 468.
13 Wharton, ‘Russian Ides of March’, 30; Anet, 55.
14 Anet, 96.
15 Houghteling, 130; Golder, War, Revolution and Peace in Russia, 53.
16 Paléologue, 835, 837, 838.
17 Fleurot, 139.
18 Anet, 106, 107; Hall, One Man’s War, 273.
19 Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, 121; Buchanan, FO report no. 374, 9/22 March, 121, TNA; Hall, One Man’s War, 273.
20 See Petrograd, 107; Harmer, Forgotten Hospital, 123; Blunt, Lady Muriel, 105.
21 Long, Russian Revolution Aspects, 108–9; Hegan, ‘Revolution from a Hospital Window’, 561; Jefferson, So That Was Life, 101; Poutiatine, War and Revolution, 58.
22 Houghteling, 139; Stinton Jones, 223; Wharton, ‘Russian Ides of March’, 28.
23 Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, 123; also in Heald, 64.
24 Long, Russian Revolution Aspects, 108–9.
25 See Petrograd, 107.
26 Robien, 22; Golder, War, Revolution and Peace in Russia, 39; Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, 123.
27 Heald, 66.
28 Dissolution, 201; Crosley, 16.
29 Dissolution, 201–2.
30 Heald, 67; Cockfield, Dollars and Diplomacy, 100.
31 Ransome, Despatch 67, 18 [5] March; Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, 114, 119.
32 Oudendyk, Ways and By-ways in Diplomacy, 213–14, 216.
33 Paléologue, 847–8.
34 Stinton Jones, 275–6, 278.
35 Ibid., 246; Houghteling, 162.
36 Houghteling, 142; Anet, 48.
37 21 March NS, quoted in Pitcher, Witnesses of the Russian Revolution, 51, 52.
38 Long, Russian Revolution Aspects, 5.
39 Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, v.
40 Ibid., Adventures in Interviewing, 164.
41 Ibid., Rebirth of Russia, 125–6.
42 Farson, Way of a Transgressor, 276.
43 Stebbing, From Czar to Bolshevik, 89–90.
44 Thompson, 125; Oudendyk, Ways and By-ways of Diplomacy, 216.
45 Metcalf, On Britain’s Business, 48.
46 Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, 129.
47 Anet, 71.
48 Keeling, Bolshevism, 90–1.
49 See Houghteling, Diary of the Russian Revolution, 144–7.
50 Pitcher, Witnesses of the Russian Revolution, 63.
51 Foglesong, ‘A Missouri Democrat’, 28; Barnes, 229.
52 Houghteling, Diary of the Russian Revolution, 165.
53 Quoted in Kennan, Russia Leaves the War, 38.
54 Houghteling, 166.
55 Wright, 48, 49.
56 Knox, With the Russian Army, 584.
57 Stopford, 133; Knox, With the Russian Army, 585; Paléologue, 858–9.
58 Paléologue, 859, 860.
8 The Field of Mars
1 Harper, 67–8.
2 Ibid., 68–9.
3 Petrograd, 112; Walpole, Secret City, 331.
4 Harper, 70.
5 Rogers, 3:8, 66.
6 Heald, 77; Dawe, ‘Looking Back’, 20.
7 Anet, 113; Rogers, 3:8, 66; Paléologue, 875.
8 Wright, 62.
9 Walpole, Secret City, 331; Anet, 112; Heald, 76; Stopford, 146.
10 Harper, 71; Recouly, ‘Russia in Revolution’, 38.
11 Metcalf, On Britain’s Business, 48.
12 Walpole, Secret City, 331; Heald, 77.
13 Golder, War, Revolution and Peace in Russia, 53.
14 Dissolution, 200; Heald, 77.
15 Rogers, 3:8, 67; see also Heald, 76–7.
16 Rogers, 3:8, 67–8; see also Anet, 114–15.
17 Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, 116.
18 Stinton Jones, 268; Stopford, 147–8; Anet, 114; Chambrun, Lettres à Marie, 83. Lyndall Pocock, a Red Cross orderly at the ARH, counted the coffins in the six different processions as they passed and noted: four from the Vasilievsky Side; eight from the Petrograd Side; fifty-one from the populous Vyborg Side, suggesting a majority of casualties among the workers; twenty-nine and forty in two processions from the Nevsky Side; and forty-five from the Moskovsky – making 177 in all. See Pocock, diary entry for 25 March 1917.
19 For a full discussion of the figures, see Chapter 2, ‘Beskrovnaya revolyutsiya?’, p.8, of a thesis by Ilya Orlov: ‘Traur i prazdnik v revolyutsionnoi politike’, http://net.abimperio.net/files/february.pdf
20 Anet, 100.
21 Patouillet, 1:108, 109.
22 Walpole, ‘Official Report’, 467; Reinke, ‘My Experiences in the Russian Revolution’, 9; Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, 115; Harper, 198; Houghteling, 156; Thompson, 124.
23 Pollock, ‘The Russian Revolution’, 1074; Pollock, War and Revolution in Russia, 163.
24 Paléologue, 875, 876.
25 Ibid., 876.
26 Ibid., 880–1.
9 Bolsheviki! It Sounds ‘Like All that the World Fears’
1 Farson, Way of a Transgressor, 205; Jefferson, letters from Petrograd, 6.
2 Wright, 60.
3 Marcosson, Before I Forget, 247.
4 For an account of Lenin’s life in exile 1900–17, see Rappaport, Conspirator.
5 Mission, 115; Lady Georgina Buchanan, ‘From The Petrograd Embassy’, 20.
6 Francis, 105–6.
7 Heald, 88, 89.
8 For an account of Lenin’s journey from Zurich to Petrograd, see Rappaport, Conspirator, Chapter 18.
9 Fleurot, 145, 146.
10 Gordon, Russian Year, 145.
11 In exile in France, Kschessinska (1872–1971) married Nicholas II’s cousin, Grand Duke Andrey Vladimirovich, and set up a ballet school where she taught, among others, the British ballerinas Margot Fonteyn and Alicia Markova. In 1955 the mansion became the location for the Museum of the October Revolution, now known as the State Museum of Political History.
12 Buchanan, Ambassador’s Daughter, 165; Wright, 68.
13 Farson, Way of a Transgressor, 204.
14 Mission, 119.
15 Golder, War, Revolution and Peace in Russia, 57; Anet, 135; Farson, Way of a Transgressor, 203–4.
16 Quoted in Brogan, Life of Arthur Ransome, 126; Heald, 89.
17 Robien, 39–40.
18 Shepherd, quoted in Steffens, Autobiography, 761.
19 Gibson, Wild Career, 150; Fleurot, 146
20 Anet, 164.
21 Long, Russian Revolution Aspects, 126.
22 Paléologue, 892–3; Thompson, 160.
23 Robien, 33.
24 Heald, 81.
25 Paléologue, 887.
26 Wright, 63, 68.
27 Salzman, Russia in War and Revolution, 89–90; see also Crosley, 45, where she talks of many Russian officers coming to her naval attaché husband Walter – some even in disguise – asking to be sent to the US to join the American navy or army.
28 Wright, 68.
29 Lindley, untitled memoirs, 32.
30 Paléologue, 895–6; Robien, 40.
31 Robien, 40–1; Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent, 185.