An award from the K. Blundell Trust towards travel costs incurred during research for this book is gratefully acknowledged.
Part of an earlier version of chapter 11 first appeared as a feature article in the programme book accompanying the Guthrie Theater's production of Three Sisters, Minneapolis, April 2003.
Part of an earlier version of chapter 12 first appeared as a 'Letter from Badenweiler', in the Times Literary Supplement, 27 December 2002.
NOTES
All quotations from Chekhov's writings refer to the thirty-volume Academy'of Sciences edition of his complete collected works, published in Moscow between 1974 and 1983: the works are published in eighteen volumes and the letters in twelve volumes. Notes to the works are preceded by 'W' and contain volume numbers followed by page references; in the case of references to letters, volume numbers are preceded by 'L'.
PREFACE
A. P. Kuzicheva, 'Chekhov о sebe i sovremenniki о Chekhove (Legko li byt' biografom Chekhova?)', Chekhoviana: Chekhov i ego okruzhenie, ed. V B. Kataev et al., Moscow, 1996, 15-31.
Z. S. Papernyi, 'On ne s nami...', Chekhoi ana: Chekhov i ego okruzhenie, 5.
A. P. Chekhov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v tridtsati tomakh, ed. N. F. Belchikov et al., Moscow, 1974-1983, Pis'ma, vol. 2, 30. See Leonard Shengold Soul Murder: The Effects of Childhood Abuse and Deprivation, New York, 1989, 225-27, for a psychoanalytic interpretation of this letter.
PROLOGUE
N. Gitovich, Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva A. P. Cheknova, Moscow, 1955, 809.
L. M. Leonidov, quoted in V L'vov-Rogachevsky A. P. Chekhov v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov i ego pis'makh, Moscow, 1923, 66.
See Y. Stepanov, Konstanty: Slovar' russkoi kultury, Moscow, 1997, 650-55 for a more detailed comparison of Chekhov and Nansen.
L3, 132.
Cited in Michael Asher's obituary of Thesiger, Guardian, 27 August 2003, 23.
Hugh S. Pyper, 'Desert', The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought,
ed. Adrian Hastings et al., Oxford, 2000, 161-162.
L5, 69.
L4, 114.
L9, 215.
L6, 15.
M. P. Gromova, ed., Perepiska A P. Chekhova v trekh tomakh, 2nd rev. edn, vol. 1, Moscow, 1996, 206.
CHAPTER 1
L8, 18, 295; L9, 11.
L10, 232; see also L6, 39, 182, 330 and L7, 37.
Marianna Koromila, The Greeks in the Black Sea, Athens, 1991, 250-251.
Aleksandr Chekhov, 'V grecheskoi shkole', Vokrug Chekhova, ed. E. M. Sakharova, Moscow, 1990, 32-46.
W12-13, 112.
Aleksandr Chekhov, A. E Chekhov - pevchii', A P. Chekhov v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov, ed. N. I. Gitovich and I. V Federov, Moscow, 1954, 60-61.
E. Stroiteleva, 'Gorod na dne. Mezhdunarodnaya ekspeditsiya budet iskat' sensatsiyu v Azovskom more', Ivestiya, 30 July 2002, 9.
L6, 8.
A. Vel'cheva, Taganrog: Fotoal'bom, Taganrog, 1999, 43.
Herodotus, History of the Persian Wars, IV: 20.
Neal Ascherson, Black Sea, London, 1996, 1.
Koromila, The Greeks in the Black Sea, 26, 143-144. See also John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas, 4th edn., London, 1990.
Victor Kopylov, 'Taganrog et la premiere colonisation grecque du littoral nord-est de la mer d'Azov', Sur les traces des Argonautes, ed. Otar Lordkioanidze and Pierre Leveque, Paris, 1996, 327-334.
L2, 54.
Koromila, The Greeks n the Black Sea, 143.
Ascherson, Black Sea, 92.
N. M. Kleopatro, 'Istoriya zaseleniya Severo-Vostochnogo Priazov'ya s drevneishikh vremen do kontsa XVIII veka', Taganrog: Sbornik statei, ed. E. P. Konopleva and E. A. Kozhevnikova, Taganrog, 1997, 32-39.
S. Razuvaeva, 'Iz storii Taganrogskogo gorodskogo parka', Vekhi Taganroga, 9, 2001, 5.
L7, 201.
О. E Gavryushkin, Vdol' po piterskoi, Taganrog, 2000, 387^07.
Koromila, The Greeks in the Black Sea, 270.
Mariya Bondarenko, 'Dom, gde umiral imperator. Taganrog do sikh por khranit tainu konchiny Aleksandra I', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 20 May 2002, 16.
Vokrug Chekhova, 62-64.
17,90.
Andrew Lambert and Stephen Badsey, The War Correspondents: The Crimean War, Stroud, 1994, 202.
Andrew Lambert, The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy Against Russia, 1853-1856, Manchester, 1990, 230-231.
A. C. Dewar, ed., Russian War, 1855: Black Sea Official Correspondence, London, 1945, 179-182.
Black Sea Official Correspondence, 182.
A. G. Alfer'eva et al., Taganrog i Chekhovy: materialy k biografii A. P. Chekhova, Taganrog, 2003, 36.
L. A, Bodik, ed., Taganrog: Istoriko-kravedcheskii ocherk, Rostov-on-Don, 1977, 30.
S. Eardley-Wilmot, Life of Vice-Admiral Edmund, Lord Lyons, London, 1898,317.
Black Sea Official Correspondence, 231, 233.
Black Sea Official Correspondence, 264.
Vokrug Chekhova, 164.
Black Sea Official Correspondence, 297-321.
Black Sea Official Correspondence, 297, 323.
Vokrug Chekhova, 168.
CHAPTER 2
V. D. Sedegov, ed., A. P. Chekhov: Sbornitz statei. matenalov, Rostov-on- Don, 1959, 369.
O. P. Gavryushkin, Mari Val'iano i drugie (khronika obyvatel'skoi zhizni), Taganrog, 2001, 382-389.
Alfereva et al., Taganrog i Chekhovy, 53.
A. M. Linin, ed., A. P. Chekhov i nash krai. К 75-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya, Rostov-on-Don, 1935, 25-32.
L. D. Gromova-Opul'skaya and N. I. Gitovich, Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva A. P. Chekhova. Tom Pervyi. 1860-1888, Moscow, 2000, 1-17.
Vokrug Chekhova, 162-163.
Sedegov, A. P. Chekhov: Sbornik statei i materialov, 337.
Gavryushk'n, Mari Val'iano i drugie, 417-419.
Vokrug Chekhova, 163.
A. Sedoi [Aleksandr Chekhov], 'Nevadnee proshloe azovskogo poberezh'ya', Istoricheskii vestnik, 10, 1904, 244-247.
O. Gavryushkin, Gulyaet staryi Taganrog, Taganrog, 1997, 7-31; VdoT po piterskoi, 56-61.
A. P. Chekhov i nash krai, 33-34.
Gitovich, Chekhov v vospominanyakh sovremennikov, 42—46.
Sedegov, L, A. P. Chekhov: Sbornik statei i materialov, 339.
L4, 162.
M. Semenov and N. Tulupov, eds., Chekhovskii yubileinyi sbornik, Moscow, 1910, 482.
W16, 506.
P. P. Filevsky, Istoriya goroda Taganroga, Moscow, 1898, 262.
V. Bandakov, Prostye i kratkie poucheniya protoireya Vas. Bandakova, 5th edn., Moscow, 1900, 25, 52.
W16, 245.
Alfereva et al., Taganrog i Chekhovy, 62.
Alfereva et al., Taganrog i Chekhovy, 83.
A. P. Kuzicheva, 'Chekhov о sebe i sovremenniki о Chekhove (Legko li byt' biografom Chekhova?)', Chekhoviana: Chekhov i ego okruzhenie, 18.
W9, 39.
W2, 251.
See Alfred J. Rieber, Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Imperial Russia, Chapel Hill, 1982 and Edith W Clowes, Samuel D. Kassow and James L. West, eds., Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia, Princeton, 1991.
See James L. West and Y. A. Petrov, eds., Merchant Moscow: Images of Russia 's Vanished Bourgeoisie, Princeton, 1997.
Gromova-Opul'skaya and Gitovich, Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva, 12.
W8, 303.