Polybius, The Rise of the Roman Empire, trans. Ian Scott-Kilvert, Penguin Classics, 1979.
Sallust, The Jugurthine War; Conspiracy of Catiline, trans. S. A. Handford, Penguin Classics, 1963.
Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, trans. Robert Graves, revised Michael Grant, Penguin Classics, 1979.
Principal modern sources
Gaston Boissier, Cicero and His Friends, Ward, Lock, 1897, first published in France, 1865.
F. R. Cowell, Cicero and the Roman Republic, Penguin Books, 1948.
Michael Crawford, The Roman Republic, Fontana Collins, 1978.
Florence Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, Basil Blackwell, 1992.
Matthias Gelzer, Caesar, Politician and Statesman, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, with corrections 1969; first published in Germany, 1921.
Christian Meier, Caesar, HarperCollins, 1995, first published by Severin & Siedler, Germany, 1982.
T. N. Mitchell, Cicero: The Ascending Years and Cicero: The Senior Statesman, Yale University Press, 1979 and 1991.
Elizabeth Rawson, Cicero, Allen Lane, 1975.
H. H. Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero, Routledge, 5th ed., 1982.
Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution, Oxford University Press, 1939.
ABBREVIATIONS
ACI—Cicero, Ad Caesarem iuniorem (frag.) [To the younger Caesar]
App—Appian, The Civil Wars
Arch—Cicero, For Archias (Pro Archia)
Asc—Asconius, Commentaries on Five Speeches by Cicero (Bristol University Press)
Att—Cicero, Letters to Atticus (ed. Shackleton Bailey)
Bell civ—Caesar, The Civil War (Commentarii de bello civili)
Bell gall—Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul (Commentarii de bello gallico)
Boiss—Gaston Boissier, Cicero and His Friends
Brut—Cicero, Brutus
Brutus—Cicero, Letters to Brutus (ed. Shackleton Bailey)
Cael—Cicero, In Defense of Caelius (Pro Caelio)
Castle—E. B. Castle, Ancient Education and Today (Pelican, 1961)
Cat I—Cicero, First Speech Against Catilina (In Catilinam I)
Cat II—Cicero, Second Speech Against Catilina
Cat IV—Cicero, Fourth Speech Against Catilina (In Catilinam IV)
Catull—Catullus, Odes (Carmina)
Clu—Cicero, In Defense of Cluentius (Pro Cluentio)
Comm—Quintus Tullius Cicero, A Short Guide to Electioneering (Commentariolum petitionis)
Corn Nep—Cornelius Nepos, Life of Atticus (from De viris illustribus)
De inv—Cicero, On Invention (De inventione)
De or—Cicero, The Ideal Orator (De oratore)
Dio—Dio Cassius, Roman History
Div—Cicero, Foretelling the Future (De divinatione)
Dom—Cicero, About His House (De domo sua)
Fam—Cicero, Letters to His Friends (Ad familiares) (ed. Shackleton Bailey)
Harusp—Cicero, Concerning the Response of the Soothsayers (De haruspicum responsis)
Homer Il—Homer, Iliad (trans. R. Fagles, Viking, 1990)
Hor Sat—Horace, Satires (Sermones)
Imp Pomp—Cicero, On Pompey’s Commission (De imperio Gn. Pompeii)
Lact—Lactantius, Divine Institutes (Institutiones divinae)
Leg—Cicero, On Law (De legibus)
Leg ag—Cicero, On the Land Act (De lege agraria)
Luc—Lucan, Pharsalia (trans. Robert Graves, Penguin Classics, 1956)
Marc—Cicero, In Defense of Marcellus (Pro Marcello)
Mod Dig—Modestinus, Digest (Digesta)
Mur—Cicero, In Defense of Murena (Pro Murena)
Nic—Nicolaus, Life of Augustus
Odf—Orationum deperditarum fragmenta [Fragments of Lost Speeches] (ed. I. Puccioni, Milan)
Off—Cicero, Duties (De officiis)
Para Stoic—Cicero, Stoic Paradoxes (Paradoxa Stoicorum)
Phil—Cicero, Philippics (Orationes Philippicae)
Planc—Cicero, In Defense of Plancius (Pro Plancio)
Pliny—Pliny the Elder, Natural History (Naturalis historia) (trans. John F. Healy, Penguin Classics)
Plut Brut—Plutarch, Life of Brutus
Plut Caes—Plutarch, Life of Caesar
Plut Cat—Plutarch, Life of Cato
Plut Cic—Plutarch, Life of Cicero
Plut Crass—Plutarch, Life of Crassus
Plut Pomp—Plutarch, Life of Pompey
Plut Sull—Plutarch, Life of Sulla
Post red—Cicero, Speech to the People after His Return (Post reditum ad quirites)
Quint—Cicero, Letters to Quintus
Quintil—Quintilianus, The Education of an Orator (Institutio oratoria)
Rab—Cicero, In Defense of Caius Rabirius on a Charge of Treason (Pro C. Rabirio perduellionis)
Rep—Cicero, On the State (De republica)
Rosc—Cicero, In Defense of S. Roscius Amerinus (Pro S. Roscio Amerinó)
Sall Caes—Letter to Caesar (Epistula ad Caesarem)
Sall Cat—Sallust, The Conspiracy of Catilina (Bellum Catilinae)
Sall Inv—Sallust, Invective Against Cicero (In M. Tullium Ciceronem oratio)
Sen—Seneca the Elder, Suasoriae
Sest—Cicero, In Defence of Sestius (Pro Sestio)
SIG—Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecorum [Collection of Greek Inscriptions] (ed. W. Dittenberger)
Suet—Suetonius, Life of Caesar, in The Twelve Caesars (De vita Caesarum)
Tac—Tacitus, Dialogue on Orators (Dialogus de oratoribus)
Tusc—Cicero, Conversations at Tusculum (Tusculanae disputationes)
Val Max—Valerius Maximus, Memorabilia
Vell—Velleius Paterculus, History of Rome (Historia romana)
Verr—Cicero, First Speech Against Verres (In Verrem I)
CHAPTER BY CHAPTER SOURCES
1 “What a triumph” Hugh Brogan, The Penguin History of the United States (Penguin Books, 1999), p. 191.
The opening account of Caesar’s murder through Cicero’s eyes is based on Appian, Dio Cassius, Plutarch (lives of Caesar and Mark Antony), Suetonius and Nicolaus.
2 “You too, my son?” Dio XLIV 19 and Suet I 82
Chapter 1—Fault Lines: First Century BC
Readers who wish to go beyond this summary account should read Cowell, Scullard and Crawford. Among the sources for the historical narrative from Tiberius Gracchus to Cicero’s youth are Appian and Plutarch.
3 “rank, position, magnificence” Clu LVI 154