Выбрать главу

rice

safety

salt

sand

security

silence

sleep

strength

snow

spite

status

stuff

teaching

technology

time

trade

training

transport

travel

trust

truth

violence

waste

water

wealth

weather

welfare

wind

work

worth

youth

BE CAREFUL

1.26    There are some words that are uncountable nouns in English, but that refer to things that are considered countable in other languages.

Here is a list of the most common uncountable nouns of this type:

advice

baggage

furniture

hair

homework

information

knowledge

luggage

machinery

money

news

progress

research

spaghetti

traffic

quantifying: some rice, a bowl of rice

1.27    Although uncountable nouns refer to things that cannot be counted and are not used with numbers, you often want to talk about an amount of something that is expressed by an uncountable noun.

Sometimes, you can do this by putting an indefinite determiner such as all, enough, little, or some in front of the noun.

Do you have enough money?

There’s some chocolate cake over there.

For more information on indefinite determiners that can be used with uncountable nouns, see paragraph 1.225.

You can also put a quantity expression in front of the noun. For example, when you refer to water you can say drops of water, a cup of water, four gallons of water, and so on.

The use of quantity expressions with uncountable nouns is explained in paragraphs 2.194 to 2.207.

mass nouns

1.28    When you are sure that your reader or hearer will understand that a quantity of something is being referred to, you do not need to use a quantity expression.

For example, in a restaurant you can ask for three cups of coffee, but you can also ask for three coffees because the person you are talking to will know that you mean three cups of coffee. In this way, the uncountable noun coffee has become countable.

Nouns used in this way are called mass nouns.

1.29    Mass nouns are often used to refer to quantities of a particular kind of food or drink.

We spent two hours talking over coffee and biscuits in her study.

We stopped for a coffee at a small café.

1.30    Similarly, some uncountable nouns can be mass nouns when they refer to types of something. For example, cheese is usually an uncountable noun but you can talk about a large range of cheeses.

…plentiful cheap beer.

…profits from low-alcohol beers.

We were not allowed to buy wine or spirits at lunch time.

We sell a wide variety of wines and liqueurs.

Mass nouns referring to different types of a substance are mainly used in technical contexts. For example steel is nearly always an uncountable noun, but in contexts where it is important to distinguish between different kinds of steel it can be a mass noun.

…imports of European steel.

…the use of small amounts of nitrogen in making certain steels.

list of mass nouns

1.31    The following is a list of frequently used mass nouns:

adhesive

beer

brandy

bread

cake

cheese

claret

cloth

coal

coffee

cognac

coke

cotton

curry

deodorant

detergent

disinfectant

dye

fabric

fertilizer

fuel

fur

gin

glue

ink

insecticide

iron

jam

jelly

juice

lager

liqueur

lotion

material

meat

medicine

metal

milk

oil

ointment

ore

paint

perfume

pesticide

plastic

poison

preservative

ribbon

salad

sauce

sherry

soap

soil

soup

steel

sugar

tea

vodka

whisky

wine

wood

wool

yarn

yoghurt

nouns that are uncountable and countable

1.32    There are also some other nouns that can be uncountable nouns when they refer to a thing in general, and countable nouns when they refer to a particular instance of it.

Some nouns are commonly both uncountable nouns and countable nouns. For example, victory refers to the idea of winning in general but a victory refers to a particular occasion when someone wins.

He worked long and hard and finally led his team to victory.

…his victory in the Australian Grand Prix.

Many parents were alarmed to find themselves in open conflict with the church.

Hundreds of people have died in ethnic conflicts.

Some uncountable nouns are rarely or never countable nouns; that is, they do not occur in a plural form, or with a number.

…a collection of fine furniture.

We found Alan weeping with relief and joy.

He saved money by refusing to have a telephone.

uncountable nouns ending in -s

1.33    Some nouns that end in -s and look as if they are plural are in fact uncountable nouns. This means that when they are the subject of a verb, the verb is in the singular.

These nouns refer mainly to subjects of study, activities, games, and diseases.

Physics is fun.

Politics plays a large part in village life.

Economics is the oldest of the social sciences.

Darts is a very competitive sport.

Measles is in most cases a relatively harmless disease.

Here are three lists of uncountable nouns ending in -s.

These nouns refer to subjects of study and activities:

acoustics

aerobics

aerodynamics

aeronautics

athletics

classics

economics

electronics

genetics

gymnastics

linguistics

logistics

mathematics

mechanics

obstetrics

physics

politics

statistics

thermodynamics

Note that some of these nouns are occasionally used as plural nouns, especially when you are talking about a particular person’s work or activities.

His politics are clearly right-wing.

These nouns refer to games:

billiards

bowls

cards