Horizontal Antennas
When the situation does not require mobility and the antenna group RC-292 is not available, you can get greater distance by using the long-wire horizontal antenna. The physical length in meters of one wavelength for a given operating frequency can be computed as follows:
All horizontal antennas described here are fed by connecting the receiver-transmitter to one end of the antenna.
Long-Wire Antenna
The long-wire antenna is used with both AM and FM radios to increase the range. It is normally used in open terrain where installation can be accomplished with ease.
Length
5 or 7 wavelengths of operating frequency
Height
3 meters
Range
Up to 2 to 3 times the operating range of set
Resistor
400–700 ohms
Radiation
Without resistor—from both ends With resistor—off resistor end only
Vertical Half-Rhombic Antenna
The vertical half-rhombic antenna has the advantage of being smaller in physical size than the horizontal antenna and requires only one pole for construction. It can be made directional with the use of a resistor. The principal disadvantage is that if the angle between the antenna wire and surface of the earth is too small, the signal will be radiated at an upward angle that may be above the intended receiver. A typical vertical half-rhombic antenna consists of 100 feet of field wire WD-1/TT, erected over a single 30-foot support base. One leg of the antenna terminates at the resistor; the other end is connected from the insulator to the radio by a 5-foot lead-in wire.
Length
2 wavelengths of operating frequency, with a 5-foot lead-in
Height
20 meters
Range
Up to 2 to 3 times operating range of set
Resistor
400–700 ohms
Radiation
Without resistor—equally off both ends With resistor—off resistor end only
Note: A counterpoise is used as an additional ground in everyday climates. It is placed on top of the ground and installed from one ground stake to the other, and then to the battery case clip. If the counterpoise is not used, the ground lead-in is connected from the ground stake to the battery case clip. The insulators and the resistor are installed approximately knee high.
Appendix A
Rules of Engagement and Use of Deadly Force in Combat Zones
By David G. Bolgiano
This section is different from the rest of this manual because it is both impractical and unwise to write a “checklist” for when or how to use deadly force. One cannot write a linear “cheat sheet” for ROE and the Use of Force. Checklists are fine for packing lists, TTPs, quick reaction drills, and most other combat preparatory topics. They are very bad for comprehending and training on the topic of deadly force encounters. That is why ROE and Escalation of Force (EOF) cards provide poor tactical guidance.
Please take the time to read this appendix and understand the dynamics of such encounters and ways to train to the fight. It is important to be wary of any ROE or EOF card that uses legally and tactically incorrect language like: “Only use deadly force as a last resort,” “Do not shoot unless someone is pointing or shooting a weapon at you,” or “Do not shoot at fleeing hostile actors.” All of these examples are from prior real-world ROE cards—such language breeds confusion and unnecessary hesitation and has no basis in the law. They are attempts to cover up poor training and preparation. They demonstrate a lack of trust that must be assiduously avoided at all cost. Most of these have been properly removed from use, but you may still find similar language, so be forewarned. Nevertheless, because of their ubiquity and the expectation that units be provided with an ROE or EOF card, a good and legally supportable example is set forth below. Also, in the event of an investigation of yourself or a member of your unit as the result of a Use of Force situation, there are simple post-incident guidelines to follow.
HOW TO RESPOND WHEN INVESTIGATED
For those who may be the subject or target of a use of force investigation: Do not be intimidated by AR 15-6 investigators, Army CID, or anyone else. If you use deadly force in the line of duty, follow these guidelines.
1. Avail yourself of switched-on legal counsel before making a statement, especially a sworn statement. The right to counsel is not only for criminals: It is a right guaranteed for all Americans. It is perfectly reasonable to provide a quick situational report (SitRep) to your chain of command. They have a need to know enemy tactics and a need to provide higher headquarters with situational awareness on the incident. It is not reasonable, however, to question and obtain sworn statements from a soldier at two in the morning, thirty minutes post-incident. There are a number of reasons why this is true. Suppose at an entry control point (ECP) to a sensitive facility a soldier uses deadly force on a bulkily clad civilian-dressed female who fails to heed repeated warnings to halt. In a personal-borne improvised explosive device (PBIED) suicide bomber environment, such force may be perfectly reasonable. Suppose, however, that post-incident it is discovered that the bulkily clad civilian was merely a disoriented pregnant female seeking medical attention. A soldier, feeling guilty for an otherwise lawful use of force, may make self-incriminating, factually incorrect statements. The human mind, after a deadly force encounter, is often encumbered with intrusive thoughts, elation, guilt, and multiple compressed, inaccurate memories. For these reasons alone, it is provident to wait at least twenty-four hours before making a statement.
2. Understand the pre-assaultive behaviors of the enemy and seek assistance when asked to articulate them. A switched-on attorney can help articulate these in a sworn statement. Also, it is not enough to say, “I was in fear for my life.” A coward may be in fear unwarrantedly, while a fool may never be in fear.
3. Do not succumb to the arguments of investigators that imply, “If you don’t have anything to hide, why not make a statement?” This is a bullying tactic that should be saved for criminals, not warriors. Moreover, if the law gives a privilege such as the right to remain silent to criminals, it certainly owes the same deference to the fine Americans making life-or-death decisions in the line of duty. And in the end, so long as you act reasonably, all will end well. The law, for the foreseeable future, is on your side. Interestingly enough, by policy, federal law enforcement agencies will not allow their agents who are involved in line-of-duty shootings to make a statement for at least twenty-four hours post-incident, and then only after the agent has had an opportunity to decompress and speak with a counsel, psychologist, or chaplain if he chooses. Tactical leaders should provide the same courtesies to warriors who make decisions in situations that are often more tense and dangerous than those facing law enforcement.
UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND TACTICS
The Law of War is the body of law, both codified and common, that concerns itself with the acceptable conduct of war. It addresses both jus ad bellum, the justifications for engaging in war, and jus in bello, acceptable wartime actions or conduct. Some of the central principles underlying the laws of war are that war should be limited to achieving the defined political goals that started the war; war should not include unnecessary destruction; and war should be ended as quickly as possible.