NOTE. — While is a conjunction (during being the corresponding preposition):
• While running, they fell down → Dum ke li kuris (or, dum lia kuro), li falis.
(5) A large number of cases cannot be classified under any of the above heads, but a few examples will suffice:
(a) Angry for being disturbed (= angry because one disturbed him) → Iracanta pro ke on trublis il.
(b) Particular ways of doing things (= to do things) → Specala manieri facar kozi.
(c) He was far from appreciating her good qualities (= he certainly did not value highly her good qualities) → Il certe ne alte prizis elua bona qualesi.
Or:
• He was far from an appreciation of her good qualities → Il esis for prizar elua bona qualesi.
(d) He agreed with her in liking sweets (= he agreed with her in that thing, that they two liked sweets) → Il akordis kun el en to, ke li du prizis sukraji, or: Il akordis kun el en prizar sukraji.
(e) I can’t help loving the child (= I cannot not love the child) → Me ne povas ne amar la infanto.
(f) They hindered him from running → Li impedis, ke il kurez.
(g) She intended coming yesterday (= she intended to come) → El intencis venar hiere.
(h) Out of hearing (= not able-to-be-reached by a call) → Ne-atingebla per voko, or: Exter voko (out of call), or: Ja ne-vokebla (= already not callable),
(i) A boarding-house, gasteyo.
• An eating-house, restorerio.
• A dining-room, manjo-chambro.
• A walking-stick, promen-bastono.
• A sitting-room, saloneto.
• A swimming-bath, nateyo.
• A writing-table, skribo-tablo.
• A drawing-pencil, desegno-krayono.
• A camping outfit, acesori di kamp(ad)o.
(6) If the word in -ing is the subject of a verb, use either the infinitive or the noun form:
• Smoking is bad for the health → Fumar esas mala por la saneso.
(7) If the word in -ing is preceded by to be, see Lesson VII, “Progressive Form”:
• I am calling you → Me vokas vu.
Lesson XVI
De, from, since, of (in quantities):
› unu de li, one of them.
de-pos, since, after.
di, of (possession and genitive).
da, by (authorship or after passive verb).
a, ad, to (direction, object, intention):
› pensar a, to turn one’s thoughts to, think of.
› amo a Deo, love of God.
› irar a…, to go to —
› aden, into.
adsur, on to.
en, in.
ek, out of (with motion, choice, material).
› vazo ek oro, a vase of gold.
› irar ek la chambro, to go out of the room.
exter, outside (without motion).
sur, on.
super, above.
sub, under (with or without motion).
infre di, at the bottom or foot of, below.
inter, between, among.
tra, through (in crossing only).
cis, this side of.
trans, the other side of, across (with or without motion).
◊ preter, beyond, leaving behind.
lor, at the time of.
ante, before (in time).
pos, after (in time).
avan, in front of, before (in space).
dop, behind, after (in space).
koram, in the presence of.
che, at, to (the house).
apud, next to, by, beside.
an, on, at (contiguity):
› an la tablo, at table.
› an Seine, on the Seine.
cirkum, around, about (place, time, quantity, etc.)
kontre, against.
pro, because, on account of.
por, for, in view of, in order to.
per, by means of, through.
pri, concerning, of, about, relating to, on.
kun, with (in company with).
sen, without (privation).
ultre, beyond, in addition to.
proxim, near, close to (not touching).
po, for, at the price of, in exchange for.
dum, during.
til, till (prep.) as far as.
› til la pordo, as far as the door.
malgre, in spite of, notwithstanding.
vice, instead of, in the place of.
segun, according to.
alonge, along.
vers, towards.
ye, at (indefinite preposition).
Prepositions must always be placed before a noun or pronoun:
• This is the book he spoke of (= of which he spoke) → Yen la libro, pri qua il parolis.
• What are you talking about (= about what …)? → Pri quo vu parolis?
It is frequently possible to combine a final preposition with its verb, or to form a phrase:
• This is the stick he came with (= which he brought) → Yen la bastono, quan il ad-portis.
• The doctor was sent for (= one caused-to-be-fetched) → On quer-ig-is la mediko.
• The bag he came for (= which he fetched) → La sako, quan il queris.
• This will do to go on with (= at the beginning) → Ico konvenos en la komenco.