Instead of whose, Ido uses of whom, of which, di qua:
› La autoro, pri la libro di qua me parolis, The author whose book I spoke of (literally, the author concerning the book of whom I spoke).
The pronoun lo, analogously to co, to, quo, refers to an indeterminate object — to a fact rather than a thing:
› Prenez ica pomo, me volas lo, Take this apple, I desire it (= I desire you to do so; me volas ol would mean “I desire it [the apple]”.)
Lo is also used with adjectives to mark the indeterminate sense:
› Lo bona, lo vera, lo bela, The Good, the True, the Beautiful.
para-, warding off:
› para-suno, parasol.
› para-pluvo, umbrella.
› para-vento, wind-screen.
par-, completion of action:
› par-lektar, to peruse, read through.
› par-drinkar, to drink up.
› par-kurar, to make the circuit of.
› par-lernar, to learn thoroughly.
-esk, beginning of action :
› dorm-eskar, to fall asleep.
› irac-eskar, to grow angry.
› sid-eskar, to sit down.
With noun roots, -esk means to become, to turn:
› vir-eskar, to become a man, reach man’s state.
› pal-eskar, to grow pale.
When added to the passive participle of a transitive verb, it has the same sense:
› vid-at-eskar, to become visible.
-ad, repetition, frequency:
› dansar, to dance;
› danso, a dance;
› dans-ado, dancing.
-ig, with a verbal root, means “to cause to”:
› dorm-igar, to send to sleep.
With a non-verbal root, it means “to make, cause to be (such and such)”:
› bel-igar, to beautify.
-iz, to cover , supply, provide with:
› arm-izar, to arm (provide with weapons).
› limit-izar, to limit (fix a limit to).
› adres-izar, to address (write address on).
When necessary, the sense “coat, cover with” may be rendered clearer by prefixing sur (= on):
› sur-or-izar, to gild, plate with gold.
-if, to produce, generate, secrete:
› flor-ifar, to blossom.
› sudor-ifar, to perspire.
› sang-ifar, to bleed, lose blood.
| I want to pack this up. | Me volas pakigar ico. |
| Give me some brown paper. | Donez a me pak-papero. |
| I want some string. | Me bezonas kordeto. |
| Have you any sealing wax? | Kad vu havas siglovaxo? |
| I can give you some paste. | Me povas donar a vu gluo. |
| That will do. | To konvenos. |
| Where is the pastebottle? | Ube esas la botelo de gluo? |
| Here it is. | Yen olu. |
| There is no brush in it. | Ne esas pinselo en ol. |
| Here is the brush. | Yen la pinselo. |
| Now I want a label. | Nun me deziras etiketo. |
| A gummed label. | Gumizita etiketo |
| I haven’t a gummed one. | Me ne havas un gumizita. |
| Will this one do? | Kad ica konvenos? |
| Yes, thanks. | Yes, danko. |
Lesson VI
The cardinal numbers are:
| un | 1 |
| du | 2 |
| tri | 3 |
| quar | 4 |
| kin | 5 |
| sis | 6 |
| sep | 7 |
| ok | 8 |
| non | 9 |
| dek | 10 |
| cent | 100 |
| mil | 1000 |
| milion | 1,000,000 |
| bilion | 1,000,000,000,000 |
From these all others are formed, the adjectival -a being used to show multiplication and the conjunction e to show addition. Thus:
› dek e un, 11 (ten plus one).
› dek e du, 12 (ten plus two).
› dek e sis, 16 (ten plus six).
› dek e non, 19 (ten plus nine).
› dua- dek, 20 (twice ten).
› dua- dek- e- un, 21 (twice ten plus one).
› tria- dek- e- quar, 34.
› quara- dek- e- kin, 45.
› kina- dek- e- sis, 56.
› cent- e- sepa- dek- e- ok, 178.
› mil- e- sisa- dek- e- sis, 1066.
› mil- e- nona- cent- e- dua- dek- e- tri, 1923.
As in English, numbers may be given out, e.g., when dictating, by naming the digits only. The name of the digit 0 is zero. The last two numbers given would then be:
› un zero sis sis, 1066.
› un non du tri, 1923.
ORDINALS are formed by the suffix -esm:
› unesma, 1st
› duesma, 2nd
› triesma, 3rd
› dekesma, 10th
› dekeduesma, 12th
› centesma, 100th.
› milesma, 1000th
› omna duesma dio, every second day.
Cardinals and ordinals can be used as nouns or adverbs by adding -o or -e:
› uno, a unit
› duo, a couple
› trio, a trio
› dekeduo, a dozen.
› un-esmo, the first one
› dek-esmo, the tenth
› une, in one manner.
› unesme, firstly.
FRACTIONS are formed by the suffix -im:
› du-imo, a half.
› quar-imo, a quarter.
› dek-imo, a tenth part.
› cent-imo, a hundredth.
› du triimi, two-thirds.
› sep okimi, seven-eighths.
MULTIPLES are formed by the suffix -opl:
› du-opl-a, double.
› cent-opl-a, hundredfold.
› (mult-opl-a, manifold.)
DISTRIBUTIVES are formed by the suffix -op:
› quar-op-e, in fours, four at a time.
› (pok-op-e, little by little; vort-op-e, word for word.)
The word times in counting is translated foye:
› three times, tri-foye.
› a hundred times, cent-foye.
› once, un-foye.
› twice, du-foye.