(d) Restez til ke il venos, Stay until he comes (will come).
(e) Kande il departos, dicez ad il… When he leaves (= will depart), tell him —
(f) Segun ke me esos fatigita o ne, me iros kun vu, According as I am (shall be) tired or not, I will go with you.
(g) Preparez chambro, pro la kazo se il venus, Prepare a room in case he comes (should come).
(h) En la kazo ke il venos, en-duktez il, In case he comes (will come), show him in.
Conjunctions are often formed from prepositions by adding ke:
pro, because of (prep.); pro ke, because (conj.)
por, for, in order to (prep.); por ke, in order that (conj.)
dum, during (prep.); dum ke, while (conj.)
de-pos, since (prep.); de-pos ke, since (conj.)
til, as far as, till (prep.); til ke, till, until (conj.)
The prepositions (without ke) are used before a noun, pronoun, or infinitive; the conjunctions before a verb (except the infinitive):
De-pos mea mariajo, Since my marriage.
De-pos ke me esis mariajata, Since I got married.
pre-, fore-, pre-, ante-:
› pre-dicar, to foretell, predict.
› pre-avo, great-grandfather. [Compare pos-nepoto, great-grandson.]
› pre-datizar, ante-date.
prim-, primitive:
› prim-avi, forefathers.
retro-, back:
› retro-venar, to return, come back.
› retro-irar, to return, go back.
› retro-sendar, to return, send back.
ri-, again:
› ri-dicar, to repeat, say again.
› ri-polisar, to repolish.
Retro is used as an adverb; the adverb corresponding to ri- is itere, again.
-iv forms adjectives signifying “able to”, “capable of doing”:
› instrukt-iva, instructive.
› responsiva, responsible.
› sugest-iva, suggestive.
-ebl, forms adjectives signifying “that can be”, “capable of being”, -able:
› kred-ebla, credible.
› lekt-ebla, legible.
› ne-sond-ebla, unfathomable.
-ari denotes the indirect object (with to expressed or understood) of verb:
› legac-ario, (person to whom something is bequeathed).
| Do you like travelling? | Ka vu prizas voyajado? |
| I seldom travel. | Me rare voyajas. |
| It is too expensive. | Ol esas tro kustoza. |
| Not so much as formerly. | Ne tam multe kam olim. |
| Do you think so, really? | Ka vu tale opinionas, vere? |
| According to my experience. | Segun mea experienco. |
| Have you visited France or Germany? | Ka vu vizitis Francia o Germania? |
| No, I don’t know French or German. | No, me ne savas la Franca nek la Germana. |
| They are so hard to master. | Li esas tante desfacile aquirebla. |
| It is to be hoped that everyone will soon learn Ido. | Espereble, omnu balde lernos Ido. |
Lesson X
The following, though belonging to the vocabulary, are mentioned here on account of their very frequent use:
ula, ulu, ulo = some (indeterminate quality).
Ula is an adjective:
› ula libro, some book.
Ulu is a pronoun:
› ulu dicis, someone (a certain person) said.
Ulo is a noun (thing):
› ulo mankas, something is wanting.
Irga, irgu, irgo, (used in the same way as ula, ulu, ulo) = any whatever:
› irgo konvenos, anything whatever will do.
Kelka, kelko, = some (an indeterminate number or quantity):
› kelka homi, some men.
› donez ad me kelko, give me some (quantity of it).
Note the difference between kelka and poka; kelka means some, a certain amount, a few (opposed to nula, none); poka means some, but little, few (opposed to multa, much).
Omna, omnu, omno, all, every:
› omna homi, all men.
Plural omni, alclass="underline"
› omni dicis, they all said.
› omnu kantis, everyone sang.
› omno esas hike, everything is here.
Altra, altru, altro, other:
› altra foyo, another time.
› altru parolos, someone else will speak.
› altro montros, ke … , another thing will show that …
Nula, nulu, nulo, none, nobody, nothing (the opposite of ulu, etc.).
Singla, single, each.
› singla karti, single cards.
› li venis single, they came singly.
› dek centimi po singla, a penny apiece.
The difference between omna and singla is slight, but clear; omna means every (collectively), while singla means each (distributively):
› Omnu parolis, singlu en sua linguo, Everyone spoke, each in his own language.
Observe that each other can be translated ula la altra (in the plural uni la altri) when the prefix inter- is unsuitable:
› Amez uni la altra, Love one another.
› Li interparolis longe, They talked together (with each other) long.
› Li donis donaci uni a l’altri, They gave each other gifts (gave gifts each to the others).
-aj with a verbal root, marks the object of the action expressed by the verb (transitive or mixed):